吴和林:英国浸礼会塞兰坡差会与《圣经》汉译之缘起

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载《中国基督教研究》2024年第23期

网址:https://ccspub.cc/jrcc/article/view/55

吴和林  https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6847-2811

华中师范大学人工智能教育学部、印度研究中心

摘要:从18世纪下半叶开始,英国依托东印度公司将重心从北美转移至东方,加尔各答也逐渐成为其战略要塞。英格兰教会福音派利用向东印度公司选派专职牧师的机会,差派福音派牧师前往印度。而以浸礼会为代表的不从教者牧师亦组建传道会,差派宣教士到印度传教并建立差会,因其毗邻加尔各答的地理优势以及与英格兰教会福音派牧师密切交往,塞兰坡差会成为19世纪初英国海外圣经翻译的中心。本文围绕塞兰坡差会《圣经》汉译,通过考察安立甘宗福音派牧师、英国圣经公会对塞兰坡差会圣经翻译的直接影响以及东印度公司明托等人对《论语》英译本的支持,证明布坎南等为代表的英格兰教会福音派牧师、英国圣经公会和东印度公司不仅在塞兰坡差会启动《圣经》汉译和中文出版中发挥了重要作用, 也为19世纪早期基督新教中文圣经翻译和加尔各答地区的中文印刷出版奠定了基础。

关键字:布坎南、马士曼、塞兰坡差会、圣经翻译、英国圣经公会

DOI:https://dx.doi.org/10.29635/JRCC.202412_(23).0005

自1998年马敏发表《马希曼、拉沙与早期的〈圣经〉中译本》[1]以来,国内外学者就马士曼、拉沙的中文《圣经》译本、马士曼的《论语》英译本和语法书《中国言法》以及中文铅活字印刷等进行了广泛而深入的研究。[2] 然而,对于马士曼《圣经》汉译的前因后果,内外部因素对马士曼《论语》英译本与《圣经》汉译本出版的影响等研究尚有可补之处。本文通过梳理英国浸礼会、英国圣经公会、东印度公司以及英格兰教会福音派牧师间的动态关系,探究各方对19世纪初《圣经》汉译和《论语》英译的贡献。

一、浸礼会塞兰坡差会与威廉堡学院

1792年5月12日,威廉·凯瑞(William Carey, 1761–1834)发表了誉为“宣教宪章”[3]的《论基督徒设法引领各国外邦⼈悔改的责任问题并思考以往成功的先例及今后应承担的责任问题》。[4] 其中,凯瑞表示,耶稣会从1552年起在中国宣教——不少中国人皈依天主教,但皈依者能继续拜孔。此后,耶稣会引起了清政府的不满,清政府遂采取禁教措施,几乎所有以基督宗教有关的活动都被禁止了。[5] 他指出,在印度、中国和日本等拥有成熟文字之地,人们对基督福音仍一无所知。可见,在凯瑞的视野中,中国是值得关注的地方。

10月,“特别浸礼会向异教徒传福音的传道会”(The Particular Baptist Society for Propagating the Gospel among the Heathen,简称英国浸礼会)正式成立。凯瑞与约翰·瑞兰德(John Ryland, 1753-1825)、雷诺·霍格(Reynold Hogg, 1752-1843)、约翰·萨克利夫(John Sutcliff,1752-1814)以及安德鲁·富勒(Andrew Fuller,1754-1815)等五人组成浸礼会委员会(或称“理事会”)。 [6] 其中,霍格任司库,富勒任秘书。[7] 在曾为东印度公司效力的约翰·托马斯(John Thomas,1757-1801)医生[8]的建议下,浸礼会决定差派托马斯与凯瑞赴印度宣教。[9]

1793年11月11日,凯瑞及托马斯一行乘丹麦商船玛利亚公主号(Kron Princessa Maria)抵达印度加尔各答。尽管未遭到总督约翰·肖爵士(Sir John Shore,1751-1834)治下东印度公司的驱离,浸礼会有限的资金支持迫使凯瑞等人自力更生。经托马斯介绍,凯瑞1794年起受聘英籍印度种植园主乔治·乌德里(George Udney,c.1760-1830)[10],主要负责其中一个印染厂。[11]

1798年 “标志着欧洲对印度权力的最后争夺”[12],也成为印度历史上决定性的一年。随着第四次英迈战争结束,英国人不仅获得大量迈索尔领地,也实现了对德干地区以南印度的征服,东印度公司进入殖民统治的新阶段。这一年,凯瑞报告《圣经》已翻译成孟加拉语,请求浸礼会在英购置印刷机和纸张,特别要求差派曾在英国有过一面之缘的威廉·沃德(William Ward,1769-1823)前来印度。[13] 1799年10月11日,马士曼(Joshua Marshman, 1768-1837)和威廉·沃德等四名浸礼会传教士及家人[14]搭乘美国费城标准号(Criterion)抵达加尔各答。[15]

当时,英国东印度公司对传教士敌对态度十分坚决。幸运的是,在查尔斯·格兰特的建议下,浸礼会传教士临行前从丹麦驻英国大使馆取得一封公函。马士曼等人得以暂时落脚在丹麦属殖民地塞兰坡[16]。塞兰坡行政长官培义上校(Colonel Ole Bie,1733-1805)首次会见马士曼等人时,便提出为浸礼会传教士提供庇护,使塞兰坡成为浸礼会在印的传教中心。[17] 受益于拿破仑战争前期(1807年前)丹麦的中立立场,塞兰坡贸易当时处于经贸复兴期,贸易额一度打破了第一次(美国独立战争时期)繁荣的记录,在加尔各答地区颇具影响力。[18]

尽管东印度公司专职牧师戴维·布朗(David Brown,1763-1812)等人竭力斡旋,总督韦尔斯利(Richard Colley Wellesley, 1761-1842)还是否决了凯瑞在马尔达(Malda)设立印刷所的设想。不过,他表示,若浸礼会传教士接受培义上校的庇护,在超出英国管辖的塞兰坡建立传教站,则可默许。[19] 鉴于韦尔斯利默许浸礼会传教士寄寓丹麦殖民地,沃德持丹麦通行证前往马尔达说服凯瑞举家迁往塞兰坡。[20]

1800年1月10日,凯瑞带着《马太福音》孟加拉文手稿、乌德里赠送的印刷机及家人抵达塞兰坡。[21] 怀着“将《圣经》翻译成尽可能多的印度语言(如果不是全部的话)”的宏伟愿景[22],“塞兰坡三杰”[23]开始设立印刷所,分工协作翻译并出版不同语种的《圣经》译本、福音小册等及其他宗教书籍。

1803年12月14日,在致瑞兰德的信中,凯瑞表示,“如果一切顺利的话,我们有能力在15年内将上帝的话翻译成东方所有的语言并出版,……包括印度斯坦语、马拉地语、泰卢固语、不丹语、缅甸语、交趾支那语、泰语和汉语”。[24] 这是塞兰坡差会首次提及《圣经》汉译事宜。

这时,浸礼会理事会也要求塞兰坡差会从伊格内修斯·费尔南德[25]处打探有关中国的信息。1804年2月5日,沃德致瑞兰德的回信报告了费尔南德斯提供的信息。[26] 沃德表示,费尔南德斯认为直接差派传教士进入大清帝国困难重重。除了熟练掌握汉语的地道华人,其他人绝无可能入华。同时,若无地道的华人教师,洋人无法习得汉语;而若无华人向导更无法传教,因为中国人和天主教传教士都会极力反对。[27] 费尔南德斯建议,新教传教士可以进入中国周边华人聚集区,通过海外华人再接触中国大陆,或者通过驻留澳门的各国商行庇护争取机会。这是浸礼会和塞兰坡差会对中国和汉语语言文化的最初认识。

可见,浸礼会和塞兰坡差会早有意对华宣教,《圣经》汉译亦是其译经蓝图的重要组成部分。

1800年5月4日,为了给英国派遣来印度的东印度公司职员提供印度语言培训,以“胜任英国东印度公司的领地内所设立的各种行政职务的职责”,[28]韦尔斯利总督设立了集东方学研究和东印度公司职员培训为一体的教育机构——威廉堡学院(Fort William College,或称College of Fort William)。 东印度公司福音派牧师戴维·布朗和克劳狄斯·布坎南(Claudius Buchanan,1766-1815)[29]受聘为首任院长和副院长。在他们的领导下,圣经翻译出版以及其他东方经典文献的英译和整理工作成为威廉堡学院的重要工作,[30] 为塞兰坡差会与威廉堡学院和英格兰教会福音派牧师之间的合作提供了契机。

1801年4月,凯瑞因其在孟加拉语方面的造诣,受聘为威廉堡学院孟加拉语和梵文教师。[31] 1803年,布朗在塞兰坡购置了 “阿尔丁之屋”(Aldeen House),成为了福音派牧师与浸礼会传教士面对面交流的重要场所。[32]

1800年至1804年,威廉堡学院出版了(1)印度主要语言的语法书以及字典;(2)东方语言经典的英译以及(3)《圣经》译本。[33] 其中,除孟加拉语《圣经》全译本外,新约或福音书已译成印度斯坦语语、波斯语、马来语、奥里亚语和马拉地语等。[34] 凯瑞除负责校对马拉地语和奥里亚语圣经译本外,还协助监督威廉堡学院印刷所天诚文印刷字模的改进以及首套奥里亚文活字印刷的铸模工作。可见,在《圣经》汉译前,双方在印度本地语言的《圣经》翻译和语法书方面早有合作。

二、布坎南与拉沙《马太福音》中译本

1804年,布坎南偶遇一名来自澳门的亚米尼亚基督徒约翰内斯·拉沙(Joannes Lassar,1781-1835?)[35]。拉沙“精通中文并受聘于澳门葡萄牙当局,负责翻译与清廷往来的官方文书”[36],布坎南称其为“地道的中国人(a native of China)”,是一位“理想的译者”。彼时,[37] 拉沙来加尔各答贩卖茶叶,恰巧遇上茶叶倾销,茶叶价格暴跌,布坎南倾囊相助,帮其度过难关。[38] 布坎南邀请拉沙弃商从文,按照年薪450英镑(每月300卢比)受聘为威廉堡学院中文教授。[39] 不过,东印度公司要对威廉堡学院缩编的消息骤起,这份薪水无法从威廉堡学院经费中列支。鉴于拉沙完全有资格胜任中文《圣经》翻译这个极为重要的任务,布坎南决定自行出资三年(1804至1807年),聘请拉沙译经并教授汉语。[40] 1804年9月起,拉沙着手翻译中文《圣经》,到1805年初已翻译《创世纪》和《马太福音》的部分内容,且部分章节已经雕版付印。[41]

同年,英国圣经公会(British and Foreign Bible Society,以下简称“圣经公会”)在英国伦敦成立,主席为东印度公司1793年至1797年总督约翰·肖爵士(即第一代泰格茅斯男爵)。该会联合不同宗派牧师的力量,旨在面向全球出版所有语言的圣经版本,是对普世主义进行了一次巨大试验。为达到真正的教会合一,共计29条内容的《英国圣经公会法律和规程》中明确要求,一是管理委员会中英国圣公会和不从教者成员人数均等;[42]二是为广泛发行,只赞助“无注释或批注”(without note or comment)圣经译本,在英国仅发行英文钦定版《圣经》(Authorised Version of the Bible),其他译本均需要以英文钦定版《圣经》为基准,又称“基要原则”。[43]

同年4月9日,在圣经公会委员会启动之际,意大利汉学家蒙突奇(Antonio Montucci,1762-1829)主动致信圣经公会,请求资助其编辑并出版大英博物馆藏《新约圣经》手稿。在咨询小斯当东(Sir George Thomas Staunton,1781-1859)和其他几位汉学家[44]的意见后,圣经公会理事会会议否决了蒙突奇的方案。不过,他们并没有放弃将《圣经》翻译成中文和东方语言,而是成立了中文(后更名为“东方”)分委员会,负责东方语言版本《圣经》翻译的事务。[45]

彼时,马礼逊正向伦敦会提出申请成为一名来华传教的传教士。不过,期待他在中文方面有所造诣尚需时日。为此,位于加尔各答“关系融洽”的福音派牧师和塞兰坡差会成为圣经公会最理想的赞助对象。[46] 随后,圣经公会秘书约翰·欧文(John Owen,1766-1822)致信乌德里,告知圣经公会的决议,邀请乌德里联合布朗、布坎南和塞兰坡三杰成立加尔各答联络部(A Committee of Correspondence)。[47]

不过,这个提议并未立刻付诸实践。布坎南一方面以英格兰教会成员和威廉堡学院副院长的便利条件,积极寻求塞兰坡差会的合作,另一方面积极争取英格兰教会及东印度公司的官方支持。1805年,布坎南发表了《为英属印度建立基督教机构的权宜备忘录》[48],开篇即布坎南致英国坎特伯雷大主教约翰·穆尔(John Moore,1730-1805)[49]函件。他表示,[50]

在蒙上帝喜悦的韦尔斯利的赞助下,……我们可以期待《圣经》译翻译成,不止某一种语言,而是东方7种语言,即印度斯坦语、波斯语、中文和马来语;奥里亚语、马拉地语和孟加拉文;前面4种是亚洲大陆和周边岛屿最主要和最流行的语言。

他特别提到,“三亿人使用的汉语语言《圣经》译本翻译已启动,其中部分内容已试印。”[51]

在《备忘录》附录M——“圣经的中文译本以及中国语言文学”[52]中,布坎南诠释了《圣经》汉译的重要意义。首先,他从经费、译员和流通等方面陈述了《圣经》汉译难以在英国本土实现的缘由——即便是蒙突奇和哈盖尔联手翻译《圣经》章节,也难以得到中国人的认可,因为“如果没有中国本土博学之士的书写或辩听译者之音,那么我们没有一点信心,这样的译本会发挥功用。”[53] 接着,他介绍了加尔各答前期的译经基础,即拉沙(由一位中国教师协助)已启动《圣经》汉译,而且很快会获得罗马天主教的中文手稿,并按中英文对照的排版方式印刷。他援引马嘎尔尼使团总管约翰·巴罗(John Barrow,1764-1848)在《马嘎尔尼使团使华观感》中的论述,认为中国的出版和欧洲一样自由,所以英国人应将《圣经》中译本送到中国。他还说,尽管英国与中国在商业领域关系密切,但在英国国内以及海外仍没有任何中文教育机构。同时,法国人正在大力推动汉语言学习,并占有一定的优势。印度方面还有确凿的证据表明,法国人正在谋划,一旦欧洲战事缓和,就会遣使访华。[54]最后,他认为,威廉堡学院是唯一一个可以使欧洲人有规律地接受中文教学的地方,因为东印度公司的领地与中国的疆界接壤,华人又在英属岛屿(这里主要指东南亚地区)居住,所以,印度有机会获得源源不断的华文教师和书籍,并与中国的博学之士保持日常通信。[55]

这表明,布坎南所倡导的中文事业不仅为《圣经》汉译和基督教传教服务,也为英国的政治和经济服务,为东印度公司培养精通汉语之士。[56]

1805年,布坎南还出资5000卢比,试图资助塞兰坡差会差派两名传教士[57]通过中印边境来华传教。[58]塞兰坡差会经深思熟虑,才决定放弃这个危险重重的计划。

布坎南的《备忘录》和塞兰坡差会发回浸礼会总部的译经消息[59]引起了圣经公会的关注,特别是“在威廉堡学院的赞助下,圣经正被翻译成几乎所有的东方语言”。[60] 为鼓励加尔各答成立联络部(其实尚未成立[61])和圣经翻译事业,圣经公会决定先行拨付加尔各答联络部1000英镑,由联络部支配使用。[62]

不过,布坎南显然没有向圣经公会陈明印度的实际情况,反而有意将威廉堡学院与塞兰坡差会的译经方面的混为一谈,让圣经公会认为彼此关系融洽。正如罗杰·马丁所言,双方“合作是一回事,分享权利又是另一回事了。”[63] 实际上,布坎南收到圣经公会关于设立联络部的函件后,就按下不表了。几个月后,塞兰坡差会从乌德里处得知这一消息后,[64]催促布坎南和布朗成立联络部,但两人一致表示 “无能为力”[65]

1805年,为了推动译经工作,塞兰坡差会起草了《将圣经翻译成东方语言的备忘录》(Memoir on the Translation of the Holy Scripture into the Languages of the East),决定在印度本地进行募款。在布朗的建议下,马士曼面见布坎南寻求合作。布坎南提出,在备忘录中增加汉语这一新语言,并邀请马士曼在拉沙的指导下学习汉语。马士曼认为这是“不能忽视的上帝呼召”[66],便答应承担这个任务。其实,除了与塞兰坡差会合作,布坎南当时也没有其他选择,因为在东印度公司,他难以寻得合适的青年职员在拉沙的指导下学习汉语。[67] 为此,拉沙移居塞兰坡,自1806年起指导马士曼和三位青少年学习汉语,[68] 学生包括凯瑞的长子杰贝兹·凯瑞(Jabez Carey,1793-1862)以及马士曼长子约翰·克拉克·马士曼(John Clark Marshman,1794-1877)及次子本杰明·威克斯·马士曼(Benjamin Wickes Marshman,1800-1838)。[69]

同时,布坎南仍执意将《备忘录》与威廉堡学院捆绑在一起,在《备忘录》中单列一段致谢威廉堡学院。1806年3月12日,经布坎南修订的《备忘录》在塞兰坡印刷所出版,落款为孟加拉基督新教传教士,发起人为凯瑞、马士曼和沃德等9位浸礼会传教士,取名《赞助圣经翻译成以下东方语言的倡议书》(Proposals for a Subscription for Translating the Holy Scriptures into the Following Oriental Languages)。[70]

《倡议书》计划将《圣经》翻译成梵文、孟加拉文、印度斯坦语、波斯语、马拉地语、古吉拉特语、奥里亚语、坎纳达语、泰卢固语、缅甸语、阿萨姆语、不丹语、藏语、马来语以及汉语等15种东方语言。[71] 第11部分(XI)可见布坎南建议增加的对威廉堡学院的赞助和支持表示致谢的言辞。[72]《倡议书》不仅发往英国本土,还由布坎南以威廉堡学院副院长的名义发到英属印度各个领区,得到了广泛支持和大量的募款。[73] 有意思的是,布坎南1806年并没有公开在印度所募具体金额,直到1813年才向公众公布。[74] 可见,布坎南内心对于塞兰坡差会有所保留。从1806年4月起,塞兰坡差会从募款基金中每月支取300卢比用于圣经翻译。[75]

1806年8月,在收到了布坎南的通信以及所附上的这份《倡议书》后,圣经公会拨付了第二笔1000英镑的支持款。[76] 此后,《圣经》汉译进展顺利。1807年5月4日,布坎南在加尔各答在《马太福音》(拉沙的译名为《嘉音遵   菩薩之語》)中文扉页上手写了“敬致坎特伯雷大主教阁下,《马太福音》中文版本作为 ‘东方基督教学院’的初果赠予兰贝斯图书馆”[77],并将这一手稿呈送坎特伯雷主教。

为何布坎南不等塞兰坡差会印刷出版而急于将此手稿送回英国呢?要知道,塞兰坡差会印刷所已着手研究如何效仿中国传统的雕版印刷技术,聘请印度棉布印花工(calico print makers)在罗望子木上利用雕花技艺,制作木板,刻印拉沙早期《创世纪》和《马太福音》中文译本的样张。[78]

其一,1806年7月爆发的韦洛尔兵变(Vellore Mutiny)引起了英国国内和东印度公司殖民当局对安立甘宗牧师和塞兰坡差会的敌视和限制。临时总督乔治·希拉里奥·巴洛爵士(Sir George Barlow,1763-1846)虽延续了韦尔斯利的一些友好政策,但东印度公司董事会对传教士的敌对态度不断恶化却是事实。[79] 巴洛不得不命令塞兰坡传教士不得自由进入东印度公司控制的印度地区传教,不得委任印度本地人传教。[80] 是年8月23日,浸礼会派遣的传教士约翰·蔡特(John Chater)和 威廉·罗伯逊(William Robinson)抵达加尔各答后,遭到了东印度公司殖民政府的驱逐,被迫后改道缅甸传教。[81] 到1807年初,塞兰坡差会和布坎南等已明显感觉到英国国内和东印度公司对译经和传教工作造成了严重挑战。

其二,1807年1月,东印度公司董事会决定缩减威廉堡学院规模的敕令送抵加尔各答。威廉堡学院取消正副院长的岗位,布朗和布坎南的年薪分别从40000卢比和34000卢比缩减至16000卢比和15000卢比,学制由两年改为一年,教授岗位仅保留印度斯坦语、波斯语和孟加拉语。[82] 威廉堡学院《圣经》译经部被迫关停。[83] 1807年3月13日,布坎南从南印度考察回到加尔各答,方知威廉堡学院发生了天翻地覆的变化。[84]布坎南这位韦尔斯利总督期间的“宠儿”,不仅失去了威廉堡学院副院长的身份,也失去了总督的支持,相当于成了“弃儿”。

其三,虽然布朗和布坎南调整了《圣经》翻译的策略,但与塞兰坡差会的合作未能成功,因此急需安立甘宗的译经成果。首先,他们找到塞兰坡差会,邀请他们加入由英国圣公会牧师主导的译经委员会。不过,马士曼等人只愿意成立圣经公会提议的安立甘宗牧师和不从教者的成员共同成立的联络部。安立甘宗的牧师们又不肯让步,联络部的设立再次流产。[85] 接着,布坎南等人又仿照“传信部”( Sacra Congregatio de Propaganda Fide)提议设立“大英传信部” (British Propaganda),地点设在塞兰坡。[86] “大英传信部”实际上就是译经学院,接受公众捐赠和善款,由丹麦君主和基督教知识促进会作为主办方,由圣公会牧师担任负责人,塞兰坡差会印刷所更名为“大英传信部印刷所”。塞兰坡差会及所有资产由在加尔各答的英格兰教会牧师实际控制。[87] 这自然也无法得到塞兰坡差会的认可。[88] 最后,布坎南撤回了“大英传信部”的提议,代之以“基督教学院”。根据他的设想,“基督教学院”由海外福音传道会(SPG)和基督教知识促进会主席坎特伯雷大主教赞助,借助所有善良之人的圣经翻译推广知识。[89] 与“大英传信部”相比,这个机构则完全成了安立甘宗的组织。1807年9月22日,布坎南致信圣经公会,声称“基督教学院”已由其校长即布坎南本人正式宣告成立了。[90]

为此,由圣书公会和布坎南出资赞助,在浸礼会塞兰坡差会的地盘上,由一位亚美尼亚籍基督徒拉沙独立完成的《嘉音遵   菩薩之語》无疑是“基督教学院”最有说服力的“成果”。布坎南急于向英国本土(尤其是英格兰教会和圣经公会)和东印度公司展示译经的重要成果也在情理之中。

三、马士曼英译《论语》与中文《圣经》出版

1808年,塞兰坡差会依托拉沙完成了《马可福音》和《马太福音》两卷福音书的汉译工作。[91] 受益于凯瑞此前的筹备以及沃德作为印工的经历[92],塞兰坡差会基本掌握了中文印刷工艺[93],可谓“万事俱备,只欠东风”了。[94] 但是,拉沙两卷福音书中译本并未付梓印刷。

一方面,塞兰坡差会印刷所受到东印度公司的直接影响。1807年7月31日,新任总督明托勋爵(Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmond, 1st Earl of Minto,1751-1814)带来了东印度公司董事会对传教士的强硬态度。[95] 他抵达印度后收到的第一份简报就是韦洛尔兵变调查报告。更糟糕的是,塞兰坡差会出版的一份宗教小册再次引起殖民当局的注意。1807年9月8日,东印度公司威廉堡管辖区秘书埃德蒙斯通(Neil. B. Edmonstone, 1765-1841)致信凯瑞明确要求塞兰坡差会印刷所迁址加尔各答。[96] 9月15日,明托致信塞兰坡丹麦行政官雅各布· 克雷夫廷(Col. Jacob Krefting)要求他禁止出版宗教刊物,并明确告知英方已分发的刊物数量,并支持印刷所迁址。[97]

面对明托和东印度公司的责难,凯瑞和马士曼等人原计划采取冷处理的手段搁置印刷所迁址的命令,但沃德认为应当面向明托总督陈明利弊,争取东印度公司当局对塞兰坡差会的宽容。沃德还起草了一份建议书,即后来呈送给明托的备忘录的初稿。[98] 事实证明,沃德的建议不仅挽救了印刷所行将倒闭的命运,也解决了塞兰坡的资金短缺困境。

在约翰·雷登(John Leyden,1775-1811)[99]的引荐下,凯瑞和马士曼以《罗摩衍那》英文译者的身份面见明托,并呈上《罗摩衍那》的英译本,与明托进行了20分钟友好的交流。[100] 10月1日,塞兰坡差会给明托呈送了塞兰坡差会全体传教士签名的备忘录。克雷夫廷也致信明托,陈明迁移印刷所的弊处。在明托的建议下,加尔各答最高议会决定撤销印刷所迁址的命令,改为要求塞兰坡差会将所有在英属领地传播的出版物提交英国政府审查会议审查。

另一方面,塞兰坡差会正经历前所未有的“经济危机”。离印前,布坎南告知塞兰坡差会,鉴于双方在印募集的译经基金仅剩4800卢比,遂停止了每月300卢比赞助。[101] 其次,他要求布朗和乌德里,必须在两人一致同意的情况下,才能从共建基金(指从英国,特别是圣经公会得到的资金)中向塞兰坡差会支付经费资助译经事业。[102] 同时,布坎南以“基督教学院”的名义向圣经公会申请每年10000英镑(连续5年[103])的资助,引起了圣经公会关于安立甘宗牧师与塞兰坡差会是否开展实质性译经合作的怀疑。为此,圣经公会决定暂时搁置对印度方面的支持。[104]

当然,布坎南虽然给塞兰坡差会制造了麻烦,但也留下“有益”的遗产。1807年11月9日,他给明托留下一封情词恳切的公函并附上了一份备忘录[105],希望明托从安立甘宗牧师处了解有关基督宗教的传播和译经情况。在备忘录中,布坎南回顾了1800年以来的官方对译经工作的支持,详细解释了译经和促进基督信仰的重要性,极力说服明托支持英格兰教会牧师的译经和出版工作。他恳请道,“如有不测,发生某些恶性事件以致重蹈覆辙(指禁止圣经翻译和出版),我恳请《圣经》中文译本能得以幸免。”[106] 他说,在一位中文教授和两位中国助手的指导下,三位英国年轻人已学习汉语两年,并取得了长足进步。这可能是大清帝国以外,大不列颠第一个中文教育的源头,是全世界唯一一个常设中文教学课堂。

布坎南和塞兰坡差会的努力虽出于各自考量,却形成了某种“合力”,为明托总督宽容马士曼等人学习汉语以及差会印刷所的中文出版奠定了基础。1808年1月28日,受哥本哈根战役的影响,英国人开始接管塞兰坡直到1815年欧洲战场结束,英国人将其归还至丹麦东印度公司为止。可想而知,如果在这场巨变前明托没有改变对塞兰坡差会的“敌意”,塞兰坡的处境堪忧。

1808年2月10日,塞兰坡差会举行了首次中文测试,年仅15岁,13岁和8岁的三位汉语学生在背诵、书写等考核中显露出良好的学习成果。[107] 在雷登和布朗见证下,塞兰坡中文学习情况由约翰·赫伯特·哈林顿(John Herbert Harrington, Esp. 1765-1828)向明托做了报告。[108] 2月27日,在威廉堡学院年度辩论会[109]上,明托对塞兰坡的汉语教学表示了充分肯定和赞赏。他认为,中文虽不在威廉堡学院正式开设的语言之列,但是它就在“学院的门口”,所有的努力就是为了攻克“迄今为止坚不可摧的堡垒” [110]——汉语。塞兰坡三位年轻的汉语学生,不仅可以用汉语口头表达,还能掌握汉字的书写,使人看到了成功的曙光。他毫不吝啬地褒奖了拉沙的译经成果。他说:[111]

我必须赞扬拉沙先生以及与他一起共事的博学虔诚之士的热情和坚持不懈的努力。正如我们期望的,为了地缘辽阔、人口众多的地区之未来福祉,他们用汉语书写,并已完成马太福音、马可福音和路加福音圣经汉译工作,面向全球使用该语言人数最多的人们,打开了宗教和伦理财富的珍贵矿藏。

明托对中文学习和拉沙的肯定和褒奖给了塞兰坡传教士信心和鼓舞,引起了英国和美国的关注。[112] 不过,塞兰坡差会与布朗等安立甘宗牧师的破裂关系当时仍未修复。1808年4月8日,尽管布朗领衔安立甘宗牧师主导的联络部形成决议,支持印刷出版中文、印度斯坦语和波斯语圣经,并为塞兰坡差会其他三种语言的圣经译本提供支持,但是塞兰坡差会对于安立甘宗自行设立的“联络部”并不买账,也没有接受资助。

1808年5月,塞兰坡差会聘用孟加拉本地手艺人在一位华人监督指导下,开始雕版印刷中文,并成功印制出《马太福音》译本的样张。[113] 在征求雷登意见后,马士曼和凯瑞拜会了明托总督,呈上《圣经》中文样张,请求总督通过捐赠的方式予以资助,解决差会资金短缺之困。尽管明托对于塞兰坡差会的《圣经》译本,尤其是中文新约译本的译经成果和成功表示赞叹,但对凯瑞和马士曼等人提出的捐赠事宜面露难色。在咨询同僚之后,明托总督表示因公职在身,公开支持东印度公司董事会不一定批准的工作实属不妥。[114]

进退两难之际,已委任加尔各答24区法官的雷登提出了建设性的建议。当时,雷登刚刚发表了《论中印半岛各国的的语言和文学》(On the Languages and Literature of the Indo-Chinese Nations),构想编撰亚洲诸语言语法书和字典的宏伟计划。[115] 他表示,东印度公司行政人员出于政治方面的考虑无法支持《圣经》翻译,但是塞兰坡差会若改为提交《论语》英译的计划,那么他们有可能得到雷登本人以及他的同僚们慷慨的支持。[116]

当晚,马士曼就在加尔各答草拟了《论语》英译计划书并在第二天早上回到塞兰坡付印。次日,他在加尔各答最高法院门口苦苦哀求各位法官和职员支持。不过,他既没能成功“兜售”《论语》英译的计划,也没有得到《圣经》翻译方面的支持。他终于明白,若无总督的首肯,要想得到东印度公司人员的支持比登天还难。为此,马士曼带着计划书再次找到明托总督。这一回,明托立刻签发了支持函,明确表示他对《论语》英译的支持,并捐款购置十套译本。

携总督支持函,马士曼很快募得2000英镑捐赠用于《论语》英译和出版, 300英镑用于《圣经》翻译和出版。[117] 在计划书中,马士曼表示,《论语》的销售利润将用于圣经出版。

如果说印度梵文经典《罗摩衍那》的英译本使塞兰坡差会实现了与明托的破冰,那么中文经典《论语》的英译本则变相成为《圣经》中译本的“帮助者”,使塞兰坡差会得到了足够的经费用于中文出版。明托虽有意限制塞兰坡差会的传教和译经工作,但实际上“对从事汉语学习研究的传教士的工作没有产生影响。”[118]

1808年9月26日,亚洲学会(The Asiatic Society)的副主席约翰·赫伯特·哈林顿又在塞兰坡主持了第二次中文测试,并与雷登一道提交了考核报告。[119]    1809年2月,在威廉堡学院的年度辩论会上,明托对塞兰坡的中文考核进行了高度评价,他援引报告说,“总而言之,我们对这个学院的进展极为满意(highest satisfaction)”。[120]

1809年8月,马士曼翻译的英译《论语》[121]首版面世,并发回英国国内。[122] 1810年初,包含专题论文《论中文之字符与字音:包括基础汉字和单音节表》[123]和后记(postscript))的完整版《论语》英译本(第一卷)正式面世。[124]

值得一提的是,曾在中国传教多年的西班牙奥斯丁会神父柔瑞国(又译罗德里格神父,F. John-Anthony Rodriguez)[125]1809年底来到加尔各答,驻留加尔各答十月之久。期间,他与马士曼交往密切,对后者的汉语提升帮助很大。[126] 1810年,著名汉学家托马斯·曼宁(中文名万宁,Thomas Manning, 1772-1840)[127]和托马斯·斯坦福·莱佛士(Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles, 1781-1826)也来到加尔各答,前者对马士曼的汉语能力大有裨益,后者为此后塞兰坡差会在东南亚地区建立传教站提供了帮助,[128] 也使马士曼拉沙的中文《圣经》译本有机会在华人聚集的爪哇等地散发。

1810年9月,在威廉堡学院的年度辩论会上,明托对马士曼英译《论语》——首个英文版的赞扬溢于言表。[129] 同时,马士曼《论语》前言对明托的感激之情以及后记对柔瑞国带来的《论语》拉丁文译本的比较说明都显示了《论语》——东方智者的话语[130]在塞兰坡差会中文传教事业中的独特作用。

1809年至1810年,塞兰坡差会的圣经翻译和出版也取得了实质性进展。一方面,他们与布朗等安立甘宗牧师间的破裂关系得以恢复。圣经公会期待已久的联络部于1809年正式成立,成员包括塞兰坡三杰、布朗、乌德里以及代替布坎南的托马斯。根据圣经公会主席约翰·肖的要求,乌德里成为布朗和塞兰坡差会的协调人。[131] 1809年1月2日,圣经公会决定从1809年起按每年1000英镑(后追加为每年2000英镑)的标准为联络部提供三年资助。[132] 另一方面,塞兰坡差会的《圣经》汉译和出版继续向前推进。差会于1809年增聘一名博学的华人一边监督中文雕版雕刻,一边帮助校对马士曼的中文译本。[133] 1809年11月,新约圣经已翻译至《以弗所书》。[134] 1810年底至1811年初,拉沙翻译的中文版《马太福音》和《马可福音》在塞兰坡印刷所出版。[135] 塞兰坡差会1811年8月20日发布的第三份《译经备忘录》首次明确提出,中文《圣经》翻译开始由“马士曼联合拉沙以及不断进步的学生负责”[136],马士曼成为《圣经》中文译经的主导者。

尽管马士曼和拉沙等人在1811年春已完成《新约圣经》中文译本[137],但是鉴于中文铅活字印刷的“经济与美观”特点以及塞兰坡差会早期中文译本亟需不断修订的现实需求,[138] 塞兰坡差会并没有付梓印刷,转而在中文铅活字方面寻求新突破。[139] 1811年8月,在威廉堡学院的年度辩论会上,明托特别提到,塞兰坡已经成功浇铸中文铅活字。[140]

1811年,在英国圣经公会的支持下,在布朗主导下,联络部在加尔各答设立了“孟加拉圣经图书馆”或称“圣经文库”(The Bibliotheca Biblica in Bengal),分“圣经书库”(The Bible Repository)和“译经图书馆”(Translation Library)两个部门。前者存放欧洲和亚洲不同语种的圣经译本,并按合理价格出售。后者存放圣经原文以及相关的词汇书、语法书和圣经注释等,即所有有助于圣经译者翻译的书库。[141] 其中,塞兰坡差会翻译的孟加拉语、马拉地语、梵语、奥里亚语版圣经译本以及拉沙的中文福音书译本也收入其中。得益于加尔各答广泛的商业网络,“圣经文库”圣经书目分发至亚洲其他地区,方便订购。[142] 若有人购买后再行免费派送,圣经则按照成本价格进行销售。

结语

塞兰坡差会19世纪前10年的中文圣经翻译之路,不仅见证了英国浸礼会、英格兰教会福音派、英国圣经公会等相关方在圣经翻译领域的合作与交往,也显露出东印度公司对包括印度梵文、印度斯坦语、波斯语、孟加拉语以及马来语、汉语等在内的东方各国各邦的语言经典文献英译和相关语法书编撰的迫切需求。

首先,以布坎南和布朗为代表的英格兰教会福音派牧师在18世纪末和19世纪初开始积极推动基督教在殖民地的传播,其所看重的《圣经》翻译工作为浸礼会塞兰坡传教士等不从教者在印度等地开展《圣经》翻译提供半官方的支持。其次,1804年成立的英国圣经公会因强调英格兰教会成员与不从教者的平等合作,实质上促进了塞兰坡差会与布坎南等安立甘宗福音派牧师在《圣经》翻译方面的合作,也为《圣经》翻译提供了重要的资金支持。[143] 最后,自18世纪末失去北美殖民地起,东印度公司的重心逐渐转移至印度、中国以及东南亚地区,以韦尔斯利和明托为代表的殖民当局对传教士的宽容,乃是当局出于自身殖民治理和商业需求的考量。他们寄希望于利用威廉堡学院和包括传教士在内的东方学者,迅速掌握东方语言和文化,为治理印度和“进军”缅甸、东南亚地区,特别是大清帝国,作前期的重要准备。

可以说,19世纪初,加尔各答的不同利益攸关方因为某种共同的追求得以保持一定的“合作”关系。塞兰坡差会似乎赢得了英国圣经公会、英格兰国教会福音派牧师和东印度公司的支持,多方的合作似乎进入一个平稳期。但是,这种看似合理的“合作”关系,却蕴藏着自身的缺陷和不足。

在译经合作方面,浸礼会与英格兰教会其实“各怀鬼胎”。他们在争取英国圣经公会支持中产生的纠葛本质上源于18世纪下半叶形成福音运动背后两种力量——向心力和离心力的角力。[144] 所谓向心力就是“合一性”,即“所有福音派,包括浸礼会和安立甘宗,不仅在圣经话语,而且在基本的神学教义(比如原罪、因信称义、圣灵光照和成圣)等方面具有共识”。[145] 英国圣经公会无疑是这一向心力最具代表性的成果。而所谓离心力就“不合一性”,即安立甘宗福音派经常受到重仪派高教会同仁的压力,不能损害英格兰教会国家教会的建制——这本质上又是不从教派反对的内容。[146] 以布坎南为代表的安立甘宗福音派与浸礼会塞兰坡差会之间既合作又冲突的十年无疑是这一离心力的有力注脚。

东印度公司对《论语》英译(包括此后的汉语语法书)和英国圣经公会对《圣经》翻译的支持,都源自自身的需求,而非真正扶持某个差会的发展,因此带有明显的不确定性。比如,1809年2月,伦敦会传教士马礼逊正式任命为广州商馆中文译员后,东印度公司广州商行指示马礼逊一边学习汉语,一边编撰汉语词典,为公司培养汉语人才。[147] 次年,在出版了《使徒行传》中译本后,圣经公会便立刻资助马礼逊出版中文《圣经》译本,[148] 并非局限于仅仅支持塞兰坡差会。对于东印度公司和英国圣经公会而言,多一个《圣经》中文译本和多一本汉语言语法书或字典就多一种选择,对达成自身的目标有利而无害,是一件乐见其成的“好事”。为此,伦敦会和浸礼会此后的圣经翻译和中文出版也必然受制于东印度公司和圣经公会的政策变化。

19世纪前十年塞兰坡差会《圣经》汉译和《论语》英译得益于丹麦东印度公司的庇护、浸礼会宏伟的目标、圣经公会的普世观念和东印度公司对进入中国的迫切需要以及布坎南、布朗等英格兰教会福音派牧师的助力,是当之无愧的“一枝独秀”。但从1811年起,随着圣经公会和东印度公司各自需求的变化,隶属伦敦会的马礼逊和浸礼会的马士曼在中国广州(澳门、马六甲等)和印度塞兰坡分别开展的圣经汉译和语法书编撰工作必然会开始一场没有硝烟的竞技。

限于篇幅,笔者将另撰一文继续探讨塞兰坡差会与加尔各答安立甘宗牧师在加尔各答的“爱恨情仇”,并探究在东印度公司变迁和圣经公会不断发展的背景下,马士曼与马礼逊在《圣经》汉译和中文语法书编撰和出版方面的隔空对话。

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BMS Serampore Mission and the Beginning of the Chinese Version of the Bible

Helin WU    https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6847-2811

Central China Normal University

Abstract: Since the second half of 18th century, Britain gradually shifted its focus eastward, relying on the East India Company, with Calcutta becoming a strategic stronghold. Leveraging the appointment of chaplains by the East India Company, evangelical clergy from the Church of England dispatched evangelical chaplains to India. Similarly, Nonconformist ministers, represented by Baptists, formed missionary societies and sent missionaries to India to preach and establish missions. Benefiting from its proximity to Calcutta and close interactions with evangelical chaplains from the Church of England, the Serampore Mission became one of Britain’s most significant overseas missionary stations of Bible translations in the early 19th century. Centered on the Chinese translation of the Bible by the Serampore Mission, this study examines the direct influence of Anglican evangelical pastors and the British and Foreign Bible Society on the Serampore Mission’s Bible translation, as well as the East India Company’s demand for Chinese language resources, such as the publication of an English translation of The Analects. It argues that Anglican evangelical chaplains like Claudius Buchanan, along with the British and Foreign Bible Society and the East India Company, played a crucial role not only in initiating the Serampore Mission's Chinese Bible translation and engaging in Chinese-language publishing, but also in laying the foundation for early 19th-century Protestant Chinese Bible translation and Chinese printing and publishing in the Calcutta region.

Keywords: Claudius Buchanan, Joshua Marshman, Serampore Mission, Bible Translation, British and Foreign Bible Society

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.29635/JRCC.202412_(23).0005

[1] 马敏:《马希曼、拉沙与早期的〈圣经〉中译 》,《历史研究》4(1998):45-55。

[2] 相关成果包括Zetzsche, Jost Oliver. The Bible in China: The History of the Union Version, or, the Culmination of Protestant Missionary Bible Translation in China. Monumenta Serica Monograph Series 45. Sankt Augustin: Monumenta Serica Institute, 1999; 苏精:《马礼逊与中文印刷出版》,台北:台湾学生书局,2000年;吴义雄:《译名之争与早期的〈圣经〉中译》,《近代史研究》2000年第2期;谭树林:《〈圣经〉“二马译本”关系辨析》,《世界宗教研究》2000年第1期;CHOI, DANIEL KAM-TO. “The Baptist Endeavours in Biblical Translation in China before the Chinese Union Version.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 30, no. 2 (April 2020): 341–64;蔡锦图:《白日升的中文圣经抄本及其对早期新教中文译本的影响》,《华神期刊》2008年第1期;赵晓阳:《二马圣经译本与白日升圣经译本关系考辨》,《近代史研究》2009年第4期;赵晓阳:《马士曼〈圣经〉汉文全译本的文化意义》,《中国宗教》2009年第12期;周永:《从“白、徐译本”到“二马译本”》,《天主教研究学报》2011年第2期;永井崇弘:《关于马礼逊与马士曼所依据的新约希腊文本》,《福井大学教育・人文社会系部門紀要》2017年第2号;马敏:《马士曼与近代最早的铅印中文书籍》,《近代史研究》2019年第6期;赵晓阳:《域外资源与晚清语言运动:以〈圣经〉中译本为中心》(国家哲学社会科学成果文库),北京师范大学出版社2019年;马敏:《牛津藏马士曼文献及其相关学术研究论述》,《澳门理工学报》2019年第1期;永井崇弘:《关于19 世纪初在印度翻译的汉译圣经及其译者和底本: 拉沙的马太福音汉译本》,《福井大学教育・人文社会系部門紀要》2020年第4期;永井崇弘:《关于在印度汉译的新教最早圣经中基督教的词语——以1807年拉沙汉译的〈嘉音遵  菩萨之语〉为中心》,沈国威、奥村佳代子编:《文化交涉与语言接触——内田庆市教授退职纪念论文集》,日本东京:东方书店2021年版,第213—232页。《關於1807年拉沙漢譯的《嘉音遵   菩薩之語》中的首見漢字》,《關西大學中國文學會紀要》2021年第3期;《关于拉沙汉译《嘉音遵    菩薩之語》中“的”与“了”的用法》,《福井大学教育・人文社会系部門紀要》2022年第6期等。

[3] George Smith, The Life of William Carey, D. D. Shoemaker and Missionary, London: John Murry, 1885, pp.24-28. 科尼什认为,这本小册子可与马丁·路德的《九十五条论纲》相媲美。科尼什:《简明教会历史》,杜华译,兰州:敦煌文艺出版社,2010年(2012年重印),第221页。

[4] William Carey, An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens in Which the Religious State of the Different Nations of the World, the Success of Former Undertakings, and the Practicability of Further Undertakings, Are Considered, Leicester: Printed and fold by Ann Ireland, and the other Booksellers in Leicester, 1792.

[5] Carey, An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens in Which the Religious State of the Different Nations of the World, the Success of Former Undertakings, and the Practicability of Further Undertakings, Are Considered, p. 64.

[6] Francis Augustus Cox, History of the Baptist Missionary Society, from 1792 to 1842, vol. I, ATLA Monograph Preservation Program ATLA Fiche 1991-2074, London: T. Ward & Co., and G. & J. Dyer, 1842, p. 3.

[7] 关于富勒的生平参见:Peter J. Morden, “So valuable a life…”: A Biographical Sketch of Andrew Fuller (1754-1815), Southern Baptist Journal of Theology, No. 1(Spring 2013), pp. 4-14.

[8] 托马斯深受英国福音派牧师查尔斯·格兰特(Charles Grant,1746-1823)的影响。关于托马斯的生平见:Charles Bennett Lewis, The Life of John Thomas, Surgeon of the Earl of Oxford East Indiaman, and First Baptist Missionary to Bengal, London, Macmillan and Co., 1873.

[9] Cox, History of the Baptist Missionary Society, from 1792 to 1842, I: pp.18–25.

[10] 乌德里1778年,受聘为东印度公司书记员。1801年至1807年,任孟加拉理事会,是浸礼会传教士与英格兰教会牧师、东印度公司的重要纽带。参见: Stephen Neill. A History of Christianity in India, 1707-1858. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985, p.193.

[11] Stephen Neill. A History of Christianity in India, 1707-1858, p.189.

[12] 斯坦利·波尔波特,《印度史》,李建欣、张锦冬译,北京:东方出版中心2013年版,第200页。

[13] Mary Drewery, William Carey: A Biography, Grand Rapids, Mich: Zondervan, 1979, 35; John Clark Marshman, The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward. Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission, vol. 1, London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts, 1859, pp.79–80; Roger H. Martin, “Anglicans and Baptists in Conflict: The Bible Society, Bengal and the Baptizo Controversy,” The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 49, no. 2 (April 1998): 293–316.

[14] Baptist Missionary Society, Periodical Accounts Relative to the Baptist Missionary Society. Vol. I, Clipstone: printed by J.W. Morris, 1800, pp. 498–506.

[15] Baptist Missionary Society, Periodical Accounts Relative to the Baptist Missionary Society. Vol. II, Clipstone: printed by J.W. Morris, pp. 12, 17.

[16] 塞兰坡(Serampore, 丹麦人称Frederiksnagore)位于恒河流域的分支胡格利河西岸,距离加尔各答15英里(约25公里),与印度总督行宫巴拉克普尔(Barrackpore, 又称Barrackpur)隔河相望,与葡萄牙属印度殖民地班德尔(Bandel)、荷兰属印度殖民地胡格利-钦苏拉(Chinsurah,又称Hoogly-Chinsura)和法国属印度殖民地金德讷格尔(Chandernagore)一起被誉为“恒河上的小欧洲”。参见:Bente Wolff, “Restoring the Glory of Serampore. Colonial Heritage, Popular History and Identity during Rapid Urban Development in West Bengal,” International Journal of Heritage Studies 27, no. 8 (August 3, 2021): pp. 777-791.

[17] Baptist Missionary Society, Periodical Accounts Relative to the Baptist Missionary Society. Vol. II, p. 13; Marshman, The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward. Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission, 1859, 1: pp. 113–116.

[18] Arpita Bose, “History of Serampore as a Danish Trading Post, 1755–1845,” South Asia Research 42, no. 3 (2022): pp. 381–97; Jessica L. Harland-Jacobs, Builders of Empire: Freemasons and British Imperialism, 1717-1927, Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina press, 2007, p. 86.

[19] Marshman, The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward. Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission, 1859, 1: pp. 117–120.

[20] Marshman, The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward. Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission, 1859, 1: pp. 121–23; Sujit Sivasundaram, “‘A Christian Benares’: Orientalism, Science and the Serampore Mission of Bengal,” The Indian Economic & Social History Review 44, no. 2 (April 2007): 111–145.

[21] Charles Hole, The Early History of the Church Missionary Society for Africa and the East to the End of A.D., 1814, London: Church Missionary Society, 1896, p. 160.

[22] W. J. Henderson, The Centenary Volume of the Baptist Missionary Society, 1792-1892, 2nd ed., ATLA Monograph Preservation Program ATLA Fiche 1993-3319, London: Baptist Missionary Society, 1892, p. 280.

[23] 指凯瑞、马士曼和沃德三人。

[24] Baptist Missionary Society, Periodical Accounts Relative to the Baptist Missionary Society. Vol. II, p. 457.

[25] 伊格内修斯·费尔南德斯(Ignatius Fernandez,1759-1833)系出生于澳门的葡萄牙人(或意大利人,1797年12月9日方丹(Fountain)至富勒的信中如此。)1796年左右来到印度加尔各答地区迪纳杰普尔(Dinajpur),后深受凯瑞和托马斯的影响,改信基督新教。1801年在塞兰坡受洗,1804年1月正式成为塞兰坡差会的一名传教士,负责迪纳杰普尔传教站工作。参见:Baptist Missionary Society, Periodical Accounts Relative to the Baptist Missionary Society. Vol. I, pp. 371,391; Baptist Missionary Society, Periodical Accounts Relative to the Baptist Missionary Society. Vol. II, p. 528.

[26] Baptist Missionary Society, Periodical Accounts Relative to the Baptist Missionary Society. Vol. II, pp. 532–534.

[27] 沃德在信中特别提到,费尔南德斯离开澳门前,从一位1796年离开中国的泽维尔(Xavier)传教士得知,曾有两位传教士受指控诱导华人信教,被关在铁笼子从内陆押送下来。Baptist Missionary Society, Periodical Accounts Relative to the Baptist Missionary Society. Vol. II, p. 533.

[28] N.A., The College of Fort William in Bengal, London: W. BULMER and Co., 1805, p. 25

[29] 布坎南出生于苏格兰坎布斯朗,受约翰·牛顿的影响而皈依基督教,成为一名英格兰教会信徒。他从剑桥大学毕业后,被任命为东印度公司的牧师。1797年抵达加尔各答,先后担任巴拉克普尔的随军牧师和大卫·布朗的副牧师(Junior Chaplain)。参照:Pearson, Hugh. Memoirs of the Life and Writings of the Rev. Claudius Buchanan, D.D: Late Vice-Provost of the College of Fort William in Bengal. 2 vols. Oxford: University Press, 1817.

[30] 布坎南明确表示,“威廉堡学院一直与英格兰教会(Church of England)紧密相关;为此,学院一直对所有能够促进《圣经》翻译的学者提供了慷慨的支持。” 参见Claudius Buchanan, Christian Researches in Asia: With Notices of the Translation of the Scriptures Into the Oriental Languages, London: G. Sidney, 1811, p. 4.

[31] Henderson, The Centenary Volume of the Baptist Missionary Society, 1792-1892, p. 63.

[32] 1806年5月,安立甘宗牧师亨利·马丁(Henry Martyn, 1781-1812)委任东印度公司专职牧师。抵印后,他曾在布朗的阿尔丁之屋旁边的废旧寺庙居住四月,与布朗牧师及塞兰坡差会传教士交流密切。参见:Henry Martyn, Journals and Letters of the Rev. Henry Martyn, B.D., ed. S. Wilberforce, vol. 1, London: R.B. Seeley and W. Burnside, 1837, pp. 445–507; Henderson, The Centenary Volume of the Baptist Missionary Society, 1792-1892, pp. 67; Marshman, The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward. Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission, 1859, 1: pp. 245–246.

[33] N.A., The College of Fort William in Bengal, pp. 219–233.

[34] Buchanan, Christian Researches in Asia, pp. 2; N.A., The College of Fort William in Bengal, pp. 225–230.

[35] 关于拉沙的名字,不同人的记载略有出入。威廉·凯瑞记载为“J. Lossor”,参见:Baptist Missionary Society. Periodical Accounts Relative to the Baptist Missionary Society. Vol. III. Clipstone: printed by J.W. Morris, 1806, p. 223. 亦研究认为亚美尼亚名为“Hovhannes Ghazarian”,见Avetisyan, Vigen. “The First Translation of the Bible into Chinese Done by an Armenian.” Art-A-Tsolum (blog), September 22, 2017. https://allinnet.info/interesting/the-first-translation-of-the-bible-into-chinese-done-by-an-armenian/, 2024年6月23日引用。Joannes Lassar 中文译名常见的有拉撒和拉萨尔等,本文采用马敏译名。

[36] Buchanan, Christian Researches in Asia, p. 10; Claudius Buchanan, The Works of the Reverend Claudius Buchanan, LL. D.: Comprising His Eras of Light, Light of the World, and, Star in the East, to Which Is Added Christian Researches in Asia, with Notices of the Translation of the Scriptures into the Oriental Languages, 6th Amer. ed., Boston: Samuel T. Armstrong, 1812, p. 92.

[37] 范岱克认为拉沙于1802年来加尔各答经商,参见:Carl Smith and Paul Van Dyke 范岱克, “Four Armenian Families,” Revista de Cultura, no. 8 (October 1, 2003): 40–50. 拉沙的生平参见:“Chinese Version of the Bible; Manuscript in the British Museum; One Version Undertaken in Bengal, and Another in China; with Brief Notice of the Means and Measures Employed to Publish the Scriptures in Chinese Previous to A. D. 1830,” The Chinese Repository, October 1835, p. 252.

[38] Jost Oliver Zetzsche, The Bible in China: The History of the Union Version, or, the Culmination of Protestant Missionary Bible Translation in China. Monumenta Serica Monograph Series 45. Sankt Augustin: Monumenta Serica Institute, 1999, p. 45; Hugh Pearson, Memoirs of the Life and Writings of the Rev. Claudius Buchanan, D.D : Late Vice-Provost of the College of Fort William in Bengal, vol. 1 p. 314; 永井崇弘:《關於1807年拉沙漢譯的《嘉音遵口口菩薩之語》中的首見漢字》,《關西大學中國文學會紀要》42 (March 31, 2021): A47–66。

[39] Buchanan, Christian Researches in Asia, p. 10.

[40] Pearson, Memoirs of the Life and Writings of the Rev. Claudius Buchanan, D.D, 1: pp. 314–315; Buchanan, Christian Researches in Asia, pp. 10–11.

[41] N.A., The College of Fort William in Bengal, p. 234; 永井崇弘:《關於1807年拉沙漢譯的《嘉音遵口口菩薩之語》中的首見漢字》; John R. Hykes, Translations of the Scriptures into the Languages of China, New York: American Bible Society, 1916, p. 2; Claudius Buchanan, Memoir of the Expediency of an Ecclesiastical Establishment for British India; Both as the Means of Perpetuating the Christian Religion among Our Own Countrymen; and as a Foundation for the Ultimate Civilization of the Natives, London: Printed for T. Cadell and W. Davies by W. Bulmer, 1805, p. 123.

[42] 《英国圣经公会法律和规程》第IX条,委员会最初由36人组成,留认识居住在伦敦及周边地区的非英国居民,剩余30人,一半由英格兰教会成员组成,另一半由其他宗派组成。详见William Canton, A History of the British and Foreign Bible Society, vol. 1, London: John Murray, 1904, p. 18.

[43] Martin, “Anglicans and Baptists in Conflict”; Canton, A History of the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1: pp. 18–19; George Kam Wah, “To Add or Not to Add? The British and Foreign Bible Society’s Defence of the ‘Without Note or Comment’ Principle in Late Qing China,” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 25, no. 2 (2015): pp. 329–354.

[44] 主要包括威廉·威利斯·莫斯利(Rev. Dr. William Willis Moseley,1769-1863)、哈盖尔(Joseph Hager,1757-1819)和霍林沃斯(S. Hollingsworth)等人。

[45] John Owen, The History of the Origin and First Ten Years of the British and Foreign Bible Society, vol. I, London: Printed by Tilling & Hughes; sold by Hatchard, 1816, pp. 89–97; Thomas Timpson, Bible Triumphs: A Jubilee Memorial for the British and Foreign Bible Society, London, Partridge & Oakey, 1853, p. 130; William Willis Moseley, The Origin of the First Protestant Mission to China and the History of the Events Which Induced the Attempt, and Succeeded in the Accomplishment of a Translation of the Holy Scriptures Into the Chinese Language, (at the Expense of the East India Company), and of the Casualties Which Assigned to the Late Dr. Morrison: The Carrying Out of This Plan, with Copies of the Correspondence Between the Archbishop of Canterbury, Bishop of London, Bishop of Durham, Bishop of Sarum, Earl of Spencer, Sir George Staunton, Bart., Sir Charles Grant, Dr. Gaskin, Dr. Erskine, Dr. Hunter, Dr. Bogue, Rev. John Owen, Rev. Josiah Pratt, &c. &c. and the Rev. W.W. Moseley, A.M., L.L.D., &c. ; To Which Is Appended a New Account of the Origin of the British and Foreign Bible Society, and a Copy of the Memoir Which Originated the Chinese Mission, &c, London: Simpkin and Marshall, Stationers’ Hall Court, 1842, pp. 60–77.

[46] Martin, Roger H. “Anglicans and Baptists in Conflict: The Bible Society, Bengal and the Baptizo Controversy.” The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 49, no. 2 (April 1998): 293–316. 圣经公会从威廉·凯瑞致富勒的信函得到消息,塞兰坡差会已经开始将《圣经》翻译成四种印度本地语言。为此,他们认为若能得到足够的支持,塞兰坡差会拥有有利条件将《圣经》翻译成所有的东方语言。John Owen, The History of the Origin and First Ten Years of the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1816, I: pp. 154–155.

[47] Proposals for a Subscription for Translating the Holy Scriptures into the Following Oriental Languages, Serampore: Printed at the Mission Press, 1806, pp. 7; Canton, A History of the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1: pp. 25; Owen, The History of the Origin and First Ten Years of the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1816, I: p. 99; Marshman, The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward. Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission, 1859, 1: p. 231.

[48] Buchanan, Memoir of the Expediency of an Ecclesiastical Establishment for British India; Both as the Means of Perpetuating the Christian Religion among Our Own Countrymen; and as a Foundation for the Ultimate Civilization of the Natives.

[49] 布坎南致穆尔的公开信落款于1805年3月12日,彼时穆尔去世(1805年1月18日)的消息还未传到威廉堡学院。1805年2月1日,查尔斯·曼勒-萨顿(Charles Manners-Sutton,1755-1828)接任坎特伯雷大主教。参见Buchanan, Memoir of the Expediency of an Ecclesiastical Establishment for British India; Both as the Means of Perpetuating the Christian Religion among Our Own Countrymen; and as a Foundation for the Ultimate Civilization of the Natives, p. i.

[50] Buchanan, Memoir of the Expediency of an Ecclesiastical Establishment for British India; Both as the Means of Perpetuating the Christian Religion among Our Own Countrymen; and as a Foundation for the Ultimate Civilization of the Natives, p.vi.

[51] Buchanan, Memoir of the Expediency of an Ecclesiastical Establishment for British India; Both as the Means of Perpetuating the Christian Religion among Our Own Countrymen; and as a Foundation for the Ultimate Civilization of the Natives, p. v.

[52] Buchanan, Memoir of the Expediency of an Ecclesiastical Establishment for British India; Both as the Means of Perpetuating the Christian Religion among Our Own Countrymen; and as a Foundation for the Ultimate Civilization of the Natives, pp.121–126.

[53] Buchanan, Memoir of the Expediency of an Ecclesiastical Establishment for British India; Both as the Means of Perpetuating the Christian Religion among Our Own Countrymen; and as a Foundation for the Ultimate Civilization of the Natives, p.121.

[54] Buchanan, Memoir of the Expediency of an Ecclesiastical Establishment for British India; Both as the Means of Perpetuating the Christian Religion among Our Own Countrymen; and as a Foundation for the Ultimate Civilization of the Natives, pp.125–126.

[55] Buchanan, Memoir of the Expediency of an Ecclesiastical Establishment for British India; Both as the Means of Perpetuating the Christian Religion among Our Own Countrymen; and as a Foundation for the Ultimate Civilization of the Natives, p. 125.

[56] Elmer H. Cutts, “Chinese Studies in Bengal,” Journal of the American Oriental Society 62, no. 3 (September 1942): pp. 171–74; Elmer H. Cutts, “Political Implications in Chinese Studies in Bengal 1800-1823,” The Indian Historical Quarterly 34, no. 2 (1958): pp. 152–163.

[57] 浸礼会选派的四名传教士于1805年初抵达塞兰坡,凯瑞计划选派其中一位名叫John Mardon的传教士和他的儿子Felix Carey经达卡,从雅鲁藏布江(Berhampootra)和阿萨姆进入中国。

[58] Marshman, The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward. Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission, 1859, 1: pp. 215–216.

[59] Owen, The History of the Origin and First Ten Years of the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1816, I: pp. 275. 1803年12月14日,凯瑞也致信瑞兰德报告了塞兰坡差会的译经的进展情况。Baptist Missionary Society, Periodical Accounts Relative to the Baptist Missionary Society. Vol. II, pp. 456–457.

[60] Timpson, Bible Triumphs, pp. 142–143; Owen, The History of the Origin and First Ten Years of the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1816, I: pp. 275–276.

[61] Owen, The History of the Origin and First Ten Years of the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1816, I: p. 276.

[62] W. Carey et al., “Proposals Have Been Published at Calcutta, in Bengal, for a Subscription for Translating the Holy Scriptures into the Following Oriental Languages.,” Methodist Magazine, Jan. 1, 1798-Dec. 1821 29 (November 1806): 526–527; Timpson, Bible Triumphs, pp. 142–143; Owen, The History of the Origin and First Ten Years of the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1816, I: p. 276.

[63] Martin, “Anglicans and Baptists in Conflict.”

[64] Marshman, The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward. Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission, 1859, 1: p. 231.

[65] Marshman, The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward. Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission, 1859, 1: p. 232; Martin, “Anglicans and Baptists in Conflict.”

[66] Marshman, The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward. Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission, 1859, 1: p. 234.

[67] Buchanan, Christian Researches in Asia, p. 11.

[68] British and Foreign Bible Society Library, Historical Catalogue of the Printed Editions of Holy Scripture in the Library of the British and Foreign Bible Society Compiled by T.H. Darlow and H.F. Moule, vol. 1 (England: Bible House-1911, 1903), pp. 182; Buchanan, Christian Researches in Asia, pp. 10, 93–95.

[69] 根据沃德的1806年1月13日的记载,还有一位名叫J . F. Sandys 的年轻人也参加了。但是到1808年塞兰坡举行考试时,此人并不再列。Baptist Missionary Society, Periodical Accounts Relative to the Baptist Missionary Society. Vol. III, p. 235.

[70] Carey et al., “Proposals Have Been Published at Calcutta, in Bengal, for a Subscription for Translating the Holy Scriptures into the Following Oriental Languages.”; Owen, The History of the Origin and First Ten Years of the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1816, I: pp. 275, 277.

[71] “Art. V.--Notices of Scripture Translation in the Chinese Language: New Testament Old Testament,” The Christian Review (1836-1863), Boston: American Periodicals Series II, 1857.

[72] Proposals for a Subscription for Translating the Holy Scriptures into the Following Oriental Languages, p. 7.

[73] 关于所获得捐款金额(不包括圣经公会),马士曼之子与圣经公会的记载略有偏差。克拉克·马士曼认为公开的募款不超过16000卢比,其中包括布坎南的5000卢比和布朗的1000卢比。参见:Marshman, The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward. Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission, 1859, 1: p. 235; Martin, “Anglicans and Baptists in Conflict.” 圣经公会认为,募款额为1600英镑,其中布朗个人捐赠250英镑。Timpson, Bible Triumphs, p. 143; Owen, The History of the Origin and First Ten Years of the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1816, I: p. 279.

[74] Owen, The History of the Origin and First Ten Years of the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1816, I: pp. 279–280. 布坎南在1813年出版的《为推动印度基督教事业辩护》(An Apology for Promoting Christianity in India)中公布了募款金额。参见:Claudius Buchanan, An Apology for Promoting Christianity in India, London: T. Cadell And W. Davies, 1813, p. 68.

[75] Marshman, The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward. Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission, 1859, 1: p. 235.

[76] Timpson, Bible Triumphs, pp. 143; Owen, The History of the Origin and First Ten Years of the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1816, I: pp. 277–279.

[77] 藏英格兰教会兰贝斯宫图书馆(Lambeth Palace Library)。英文原文为:‘To His Grace the Archbishop of Canterbury, for the Lambeth Library; The Gospel of St. Matthew, in the Chinese Language; Being the First Fruits of ‘The Christian Institution in the East’.

[78] Buchanan, Memoir of the Expediency of an Ecclesiastical Establishment for British India; Both as the Means of Perpetuating the Christian Religion among Our Own Countrymen; and as a Foundation for the Ultimate Civilization of the Natives, p. 123; Baptist Missionary Society, Periodical Accounts Relative to the Baptist Missionary Society. Vol. II, p. 457; 苏精:《马礼逊与中文印刷出版》,台北:台湾学生书局,2000年版,第143-144页。

[79] Marshman, The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward. Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission, 1859, 1: pp. 311–32, 380.

[80] Marshman, The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward. Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission, 1859, 1: pp. 266–268.

[81] Marshman, The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward. Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission, 1859, 1: pp. 269–274; Cox, History of the Baptist Missionary Society, from 1792 to 1842, I: pp. 156–158; Baptist Missionary Society, Periodical Accounts Relative to the Baptist Missionary Society. Vol. III, pp. 276–277.

[82] Marshman, The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward. Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission, 1859, 1: p. 287.

[83] Wilbert R. Shenk, “The Legacy of Claudius Buchanan,” International Bulletin of Missionary Research 18, no. 2 (April 1994): pp. 78–82.

[84] 1806年至1807年,布坎南对印度南部地区和斯里兰卡了进行考察。1811年,考察结果以《亚洲的基督教研究》(Christian Researches in Asia: With Notices of the Translation of the Scriptures Into the Oriental Languages)论著的形式出版,引起宣教界的广泛关注,此后几十年该论著在伦敦、波士顿和费城等地不断再版。

[85] John Owen, The History of the Origin and First Ten Years of the British and Foreign Bible Society, vol. II, London: Printed by Tilling & Hughes; sold by Hatchard, 1816, p. 3.

[86] Marshman, The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward. Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission, 1859, 1: p. 293.

[87] E. Daniel Potts, British Baptist Missionaries in India, 1793-1837: The History of Serampore and Its Missions London: Cambridge University Press, 1967, pp. 54–55; Owen, The History of the Origin and First Ten Years of the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1816, II: p. 99; Marshman, The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward. Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission, 1859, 1: pp. 293–94.

[88] 当时,布朗和布坎南都准备离印返英——这意为着一旦成立这个机构,就会由年轻的英格兰教会牧师领导。参见:Marshman, The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward. Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission, 1: pp. 293–294.

[89] Marshman, The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward. Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission, 1859, 1: p. 295.

[90] Owen, The History of the Origin and First Ten Years of the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1816, II: p. 7.

[91] 实际上1807年年底,塞兰坡差会已基本完成《约翰福音》汉译工作。Baptist Missionary Society, Brief Narrative of the Baptist Mission (n.p., 1808), p. 81.

[92] M. Siddiq Khan, “William Carey and the Serampore Books (1800—1834)” 11, no. 1–4 (January 1, 1961): 197–280.

[93] 1807年,塞兰坡差会印刷所开始雕版刻工的工作,见Baptist Missionary Society, Brief Narrative of the Baptist Mission, p. 83.

[94] 根据Kykes记载,1808年塞兰坡差会曾出版了《马太福音》,但是存留本尚未确认得到。Hykes, Translations of the Scriptures into the Languages of China, p. 2.

[95] Marshman, The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward. Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission, 1859, 1: pp. 304–306.

[96] Marshman, The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward. Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission, 1859, 1: pp. 307–318.

[97] Marshman, The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward. Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission, 1859, 1: p. 319; E. Daniel Potts, “The Baptist Missionaries of Serampore and the Government of India, 1792–1813,” The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 15, no. 2 (October 1964): 1792–1813, pp.229-246.

[98] 有关沃德建议书的主要内容参见:Marshman, The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward. Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission, 1859, 1: pp. 320–321.

[99] 关于约翰·雷登生平参见:Brown, I. M. “John Leyden (1775-1811): His Life and Works,” 1955. https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/7315, 2024年 6月23日引用;Bastin, John. “John Leyden and the Publication of the ‘Malay Annals’ (1821).” Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 75, no. 2 (283) (2002): 99–115.

[100] Marshman, The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward. Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission, 1859, 1: p. 323.

[101] Marshman, The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward. Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission, 1859, 1: p. 297.

[102] Marshman, The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward. Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission, 1859, 1: p. 386.

[103] 关于布坎南申请资助的年限,不同文献略有出入。其中J. C. 马士曼记载为4年和5年。参见Marshman, 1: pp. 295, 418. Roger H. Martin记载为10年,参见:Martin, “Anglicans and Baptists in Conflict.”

[104] 圣经公会对于此前两次拨付的善款(2000英镑)未得到联络部的任何反馈就存有疑虑,布坎南的新申请以及浸礼会关于塞兰坡差会实际上未得到圣经公会的直接资助的信息令圣经公会秘书欧文和主席十分警惕。参见:Martin, “Anglicans and Baptists in Conflict.”

[105] Claudius Buchanan, An Apology for Promoting Christianity in India: Containing Two Letters, Addressed to the Honourable the East-India Company, Concerning the Idol Juggernault, and a Memorial, Presented to the Bengal Government in 1807, in Defence of the Christian Missions in India : To Which Are New Added, Remarks on the Letter Addressed by the Bengal Government to the Court of Directors in Reply to the Memorial (London: Printed for T. Cadell and W. Davies, Strand, 1813), Memorial to the Right Hon. Gilbert, Lord Minto, Governor-General, pp. 62-89.

[106] Buchanan, Letter and Memorial, to Lord Minto, p. 88.

[107] Baptist Missionary Society, Periodical Accounts Relative to the Baptist Missionary Society. Vol. III, pp. 459–461; Elmer H. Cutts, “Chinese Studies in Bengal,” Journal of the American Oriental Society 62, no. 3 (September 1942): 171–74; Elmer H. Cutts, “Political Implications in Chinese Studies in Bengal 1800-1823,” The Indian Historical Quarterly 34, no. 2 (1958): 152–163.

[108] Marshman, The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward. Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission, 1859, 1: p. 383.

[109] 威廉堡学院年度辩论会每年举行一次,1809年前均在上半年(2至3月)举行,1810年后改在下半年(6至9月)举行。通常情况下,印度总督都会亲临现场观摩相关语言学生的辩论会并发表讲话。参见:“English Baptist Mission.: Public Disputation, College of Fort William.,” The Massachusetts Baptist Missionary Magazine (1803-1816) (Boston, United States: American Periodicals Series II, September 1816); Thomas Roebuck, The Annals of the College of Fort William from the Period of Its Foundation, by His Excellency the Most Noble Richard, Marquis Wellesley, K. P. on the 4th May, 1800 to the Present Time, Calcutta: Printed by Philip Perira, 1819.

[110] Public Disputation of the Students of the College of Fort William in Bengal Before the Rt. Hon. Lord Minto, 27th February, 1808, London: Black, Parry and Co. Booksellers, 1808, pp. 32–33; Marshman, The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward. Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission, 1859, 1: pp. 383–384.

[111] Public Disputation of the Students of the College of Fort William in Bengal Before the Rt. Hon. Lord Minto, 27th February, 1808, 34; Marshman, The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward. Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission, 1859, 1: p. 384.

[112] “Postscript.: East Indies. Account of the Eighth Annual Disputation at the College of Fort William.,” Christian Observer, Conducted by Members of the Established Church (1802-1842) (Boston, United States: American Periodicals Series II, December 1808). 布朗在1808年4月28日写给英国圣经公会的心中也明确提到明托对塞兰坡出版社中文出版的认可以及《论语》英译本的出版计划。参见:“Art. V.--Notices of Scripture Translation in the Chinese Language.”

[113] Marshman, The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward. Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission, 1859, 1: pp. 388–389; Baptist Missionary Society, Periodical Accounts Relative to the Baptist Missionary Society. Vol. IV, London: Printed by Burditt and Morris, Worship Square, 1810, pp. 54–55.

[114] Marshman, The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward. Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission, 1859, 1: p. 390.

[115] Public Disputation of the Students of the College of Fort William in Bengal Before the Rt. Hon. Lord Minto, 27th February, 1808, p. 25.

[116] Marshman, The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward. Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission, 1859, 1: p. 390.

[117] Marshman, The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward. Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission, 1859, 1: p. 391.

[118] Cutts, “Political Implications in Chinese Studies in Bengal 1800-1823.”

[119] “ART. VII. The Ramayuna of Valmeeki, Translated from the Original Sungskrit, with Explanatory Notes.,” The Quarterly Review 3, no. 6 (May 1810): 379–388; Baptist Missionary Society, Periodical Accounts Relative to the Baptist Missionary Society. Vol. III, pp. 537–538.

[120] Roebuck, The Annals of the College of Fort William from the Period of Its Foundation, by His Excellency the Most Noble Richard, Marquis Wellesley, K. P. on the 4th May, 1800 to the Present Time, pp. 216–217.

[121] Joshua Marshman, The Works of Confucius: Containing the Original Text, with a Translation. Vol. 1. To Which Is Prefixed a Dissertation on the Chinese Language and Character, Printed at the Mission Press, 1809.

[122] Baptist Missionary Society, Periodical Accounts Relative to the Baptist Missionary Society. Vol. IV, p. 55.

[123] Marshman, The Works of Confucius; Joshua Marshman, Dissertation on the Characters and Sounds of the Chinese Language: Including Tables of the Elementary Characters and of the Chinese Monosyllables, Bengal Mission Press, 1809.

[124] 塞兰坡差会1809年11月的第二份《译经备忘录》提到,差会先出版了724页《论语》的版本版本先行出版,并发回英国本土。在起草第二份《译经备忘录》的时候,塞兰坡还在等《专题论文》。参见:Baptist Missionary Society, Periodical Accounts Relative to the Baptist Missionary Society. Vol. IV, p. 55. 沃德在1809年12月4日的日记中载,“马士曼弟兄正在完成他的论语以及所附的有关中文的《专题论文》”。参见:Baptist Missionary Society, 81。另外,明托1810年9月15日在威廉堡学院辩论会上的讲话中明确提到,“去年提到的《论语》第一卷已于近期(lately)从塞兰坡差会印刷所出版了,并附有一篇关于中文的专题论文,为这个独特而又晦涩的语言系统提供了相当多的启示。”参见:Roebuck, The Annals of the College of Fort William from the Period of Its Foundation, by His Excellency the Most Noble Richard, Marquis Wellesley, K. P. on the 4th May, 1800 to the Present Time, p. 261.

[125] 1804年至1809年,柔瑞国受聘于东印度公司广州商馆,担任临时中文翻译。参见:Susan Reed Stifler, “英国东印度公司广州商馆的汉语学生 The Language Students of the East India Company’s Canton Factory,” trans. 刘美华 and 杨慧玲, 国际汉学 6, no. 1 (2016): 105–126.

[126] Marshman, The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward. Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission, 1859, 1:439–440; 康太一: “19世纪初驻印新教传教士之中文印刷出版——马士曼与塞兰坡传道出版社,” 《国际汉学》1 (2014): 246–264.

[127] 托马斯·曼宁是1807年抵达广州,在东印度公司广州商行停留约三年,1810年春抵达加尔各答。1811年9月初离开加尔各答,10月21日到达拉萨的帕里,12月初抵达拉萨,成为第一位到达拉萨的英国人。1812年春被驱逐后,返回印度。据说,曼宁曾写过“一个长篇而有趣味的叙述”寄给了马士曼,但这个报告没有留下来。参见:Clements R. (Clements Robert) Markham, Narratives of the Mission of George Bogle to Tibet, and of the Journey of Thomas Manning to Lhasa, London : Trübner, 1876, pp. cliv–clxv; 赵卫邦, “英国侵略西藏的早期活动,” 《四川大学学报(社会科学版) 》6 (1959): 77–105; 赵卫邦, “第一个潜入拉萨的英国人曼宁之被驱逐出境,” 《西藏研究》2 (1984): 63–67.

[128] 1813年,浸礼会1812年差派的传教士Robinson在遭到加尔各答东印度公司驱逐令后,莱佛士热情接待了罗宾逊并最终开辟了爪哇传教站。同时,受亨利·马丁邀, Jabez Carey作为传教士前往Amboyna(马六甲群岛之一)负责建立学校。John Clark Marshman, The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward. Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission, vol. 2, pp. 74–75.

[129] Roebuck, The Annals of the College of Fort William from the Period of Its Foundation, by His Excellency the Most Noble Richard, Marquis Wellesley, K. P. on the 4th May, 1800 to the Present Time, pp. 261–263.

[130] 康太一: 《东方智者的话语——19世纪初期第一部英译〈论语〉之历史研究》 ,《北京行政学院学报》6 (2012): 121–126。

[131] Marshman, The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward. Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission, 1859, 1: pp.418–419.

[132] Owen, The History of the Origin and First Ten Years of the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1816, II: p. 253; Timpson, Bible Triumphs, p. 163.

[133] 塞兰坡差会为这位华人同住宿,工资为每月4英镑。Baptist Missionary Society, Periodical Accounts Relative to the Baptist Missionary Society. Vol. IV, p. 55.

[134] Baptist Missionary Society, Periodical Accounts Relative to the Baptist Missionary Society. Vol. IV, pp. 55–56.

[135] 马敏:《马士曼与近代最早的铅印中文书籍》,《近代史研究》6(2019):4-22。

[136] Baptist Missionary Society, Periodical Accounts Relative to the Baptist Missionary Society. Vol. IV, p. 378.

[137] 通过浸礼会的第三份《译经备忘录》(Memoir of the state of the Translations)和《浸礼会定期报告》(Periodical accounts relative to the Baptist Missionary Society.),我们可以确认塞兰坡差会已于1811年8月20日前完成了《新约圣经》的翻译,《旧约圣经》已经翻译至《民数记》。参见:Baptist Missionary Society, Periodical Accounts Relative to the Baptist Missionary Society. Vol. IV, pp. 372–373.

[138] Baptist Missionary Society, Periodical Accounts Relative to the Baptist Missionary Society. Vol. IV, p. 376. 当然,塞兰坡差会停止出版已经翻译完成的《新约圣经》的另一个原因可能是马士曼等人收到了马礼逊寄来的白日升《四史攸编耶稣基利斯督之汇编》誊本。参见:康太一: “19世纪初驻印新教传教士之中文印刷出版——马士曼与塞兰坡传道出版社,” 《国际汉学》1 (2014): pp. 246–64.

[139] 从1809年至1812年,塞兰坡差会的中文《圣经》翻译工作进展十分迅速,但因为转而使用铅活字印刷(中间又遭遇1812年的大火),因此,截止1812年年底差会仍在用铅活字印刷《约翰福音》。参见:Baptist Missionary Society, Periodical Accounts Relative to the Baptist Missionary Society. Vol. V, pp. viii.

[140] Roebuck, The Annals of the College of Fort William from the Period of Its Foundation, by His Excellency the Most Noble Richard, Marquis Wellesley, K. P. on the 4th May, 1800 to the Present Time, p. 292.

[141] Owen, The History of the Origin and First Ten Years of the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1816, II: pp. 31-32.

[142] 最初,“圣经文库”藏有阿拉伯语、奥利萨语、波斯语、孟加拉语、印度斯坦语、汉语、梵语、葡萄牙语、马拉地语和英文版《圣经》共4000册。参见:Buchanan, Christian Researches in Asia, pp. 232–233.

[143] 塞兰坡差会在给圣经公会的致谢函中表示,1812年前,塞兰坡差从圣经公会得到4500英镑的资金支持。参见:Owen, The History of the Origin and First Ten Years of the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1816, II: p. 253; Timpson, Bible Triumphs, p. 174.

[144] Martin, “Anglicans and Baptists in Conflict.”

[145] Martin, “Anglicans and Baptists in Conflict.”

[146] Martin, “Anglicans and Baptists in Conflict.”

[147] 苏精:《马礼逊与中文印刷出版》,台北:台湾学生书局,2000年版,第55–78页。

[148] British and Foreign Bible Society Library, Historical Catalogue of the Printed Editions of Holy Scripture in the Library of the British and Foreign Bible Society Compiled by T.H. Darlow and H.F. Moule, vol. 2, England: Bible House-1911, 1903, p. 183.

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