王学晟:蒙头祷告讲道还是闭口不言?——对哥林多前书中两段矛盾经文之探讨

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载《中国基督教研究》2022年第19期

网址:https://ccspub.cc/jrcc/article/view/109

王学晟(台湾中原大学宗教研究所)

摘要:对“礼拜时蒙头的问题”(林前11:2–16)和“妇女应该会中闭口不言”(林前14:34–35)两段矛盾的经文进行分析之后,我们发现使徒保罗主张男女平等,支持女性参与教会的侍奉和敬拜。他关于“祷告和说预言应该蒙头”的教导主要关怀是教会在社会中的形象,而不是要限制妇女的行动。与此相矛盾的经文“妇女应该会中闭口不言”与后保罗书信中的一些教导和要求是一致的,应该是后期插入的文本,内证和外证都可以说明这一点。

关键词:女人蒙头、祷告和说预言、闭口不言、矛盾的经文

DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.29635/JRCC.202212_(19).0005

引言

哥林多前书中“礼拜时蒙头的问题”(林前11:2–16)和“妇女应该会中闭口不言”(林前14:34–35)是两处难解的经文。从哥林多书信(Epistles to the Corinthians)面世至今的两千年中,这两段经文一直都争议不断。学者用各种方法,从不同的角度对此多有探讨。

这两段经文是相互矛盾的,至少说从表面来看是如此。使徒保罗在写信的时候为什么会出现这样矛盾的说法呢?这正是本文要讨论的重点。在分析的过程中,我们会对经文进行释经,也会用到文本批判,而探讨社会背景的时候自然也会牵涉到社会历史批判,也就是说,我们会接受方法论的开放与多元(methodological pluralism)。[1]

一、女人蒙头讲道的文脉与处境

哥林多前书,除了引言(1:1–9)和结语(16:5–24),中间主体内容分为两大部分,保罗对所听到的教会问题进行回应(1:10–6:20)和回应书信中哥林多教会提出的问题并给出教导(7:1–16:4)。“礼拜时蒙头的问题”出现在哥林多前书第11章。

保罗关于女人在祷告或讲道应该蒙头的教导是由什么引起的呢?哥林多人信主之后,领受了圣灵,既说方言,又说预言,他们,或者说他们中的大多数感觉与众不同,自觉在地如同在天,于是在行为上就有了相对应的表现。他们已经得着基督徒的自由,觉得“凡事都能做”(林前10:23)。“凡事都能做”应用于信仰生活之中就是哥林多教会的妇女换掉传统服饰。更为重要的,她们似乎摒弃了“顺服”这种“迂腐”的观念,拒绝与“顺服”相关的任何文化符号,比如蒙头。[2] 对此,保罗毫不客气地指出,这不是解放,而是自我贬低(林前11:5–6)。[3] 凭什么女人就要顺服男人呢?林前11章的经文给出好几条理由。首先,这是神圣的秩序——上帝、基督、男人、女人(林前11:3–6)。其次,上帝创造的先后顺序本是如此(林前7–9)。第三,天使在观看教会(4:9)。妇女为了自由去掉头上权柄的记号实际上贬低了上帝的智慧(弗3:10)。第四是自然的启示(林前11:13–15)。第五,众教会都是如此(林前11:16)[4]

“礼拜时蒙头的问题”(林前11:2–16)这一段经文涉及到多个主题,有不少难解的经文。比如基督是男人的头、上帝的基督的头这样的神学主题(林前11:3),[5] 也有男人蒙头(林前11:4)的问题。[6] 在保罗所处的时代,男人蓄长头发有同性恋的暗示,或者与同性恋有密切关系。犹太文化如此看,希罗文化也是相同的看法。[7] 还有“长发作盖头”(11:15)究竟是什么意思呢?释经学者也莫衷一是。不过,考虑到本文要讨论的重点,我们在此只讨论女人蒙头的问题,而且化繁就简只讨论两节经文,因为这两节经文是保罗在这一段要表达的核心思想:

凡女人祷告或是讲道,若不蒙着头,就羞辱自己的头,因为这就如同剃了头发一样。女人若不蒙着头,就该剪了头发;女人若以剪发、剃发为羞愧,就该蒙着头。(林前11:5–6)[8]

“πᾶσα δὲ γυνὴ προσευχομένη ἢ προφητεύουσα”,字面直译是“但任何一个女人祷告或者说预言……”。γυνὴ这个字既可以指一个女人,也可以指一个妻子。从这一段的上下文来看,应该是指女人,而不是单指妻子。从整篇哥林多前书来说,这里更应该是指女人。哥林多教会中不但有已婚的妇女(林前7:2–7),也有未婚的少女(林前7:8, 25, 38),还有寡妇(林前7:8, 39–40)。δὲ(但)是对着上一句转折的,男人不应该蒙着头(林前11:4),但女人……应该蒙头。προφητεύουσα是动词προφητεύω的分词形式(现在时主动语态主格阴性第三人称单数)。προφητεύω是由名词προφήτης(先知)变化而来,意思是“说预言”。在哥林多前书中,这个词多数情况下是指“传讲上帝话语”(如林前11:4–5, 13:9)。[9] 这一句中的“女人祷告或者说预言(作先知讲道)”(林前11:5a)是指什么场合呢?当然不是指在她自己家里。一个女人在家里祷告是可能的,然而,在家里“作先知讲道”的可能性不大。这里是指女人在聚会时受圣灵感动而发出的大声祷告,让会众都能听到。甚至用方言祷告也是不奇怪的(林前14:13–15)。[10]所以,保罗在此当然是指聚会的场合。哥林多前书成书时期,也就是公元50年代初期,基督教信仰群体的聚会很可能是在一个贵族或者有钱人的家里,只有这些人的房子才足够大,可以容纳几十人同时聚会。

“没有蒙着的、没有覆盖的”(ἀκατακαλύπτῳ)这个形容词是由动词“蒙着、覆盖”(κατακαλύπτω)变化而来,α是表示否定意义的前缀。艾萨克森(Abel Isaksson)坚持认为ἀκατακαλύπτω的意思是“没有扎束(头发)”或“任由长发垂下”。所以在他看来这一句的意思就是“一个女人祷告或是讲道,若不扎束自己的头发(任由长发垂下),就羞辱自己的头。”[11]“不扎束自己的头发”,任其下垂,汉语有一个简洁的表达,就是披头散发。可以想象,这与巫婆作法的时候的发型是相似的。不几年,一个叫赫黎(James B. Hurley)的学者支持艾萨克森的观点。[12] 其实,这个观点早在1940年代就有学者提出来了,只是当时少人问津而已。[13] 然而,“披头散发”说有点像是望字生义的“测字”,难以成立,因为在希腊作者的作品中,从荷马到阿特纳奥斯(Athenaeus,卒于公元3世纪)的一千多年中,κατακαλύπτω都是指“带面纱”或者用一块布或者类似织物一类的东西“蒙着头”。[14] 这样,汉语中将《黑马牧人书》(4.2.1)中的κατακάλυψις(ἀκατακαλύπτῳ的同源词)理解为“束发网、盖头”就顺理成章了。总结而言,将ἀκατακαλύπτῳ τῇ κεφαλῇ 理解为“(若)不是蒙着头”是正确的。

一个女人若不蒙着头,在什么意义上就羞辱自己的头呢?目前学界大体上有两种解释,第一种与性相关,第二种是去性别化的表达。

一、与性相关。有论者认为古代希腊人将女性头发当作性器官的一部分。所以保罗指示教会内的女人要蒙头(林前11:2–16)。[15] 这是有可能的。总体而言,古代东西方都比较保守,比如古代中国某个时期将女性的小脚视为性器官的一部分,大概也是一种联想,或者是一种含蓄的表达——西门庆故意弄掉扇子顺手摸潘金莲的三寸金莲就是一个例子。服饰在人类文化中是高效的符号系统,它们所产生的记号或标志表达阶级、风尚、谦卑、自我提升等。[16] 在古代希罗社会也是如此,女性的头饰表达身份,或者某种性表达是可以想见的。如果她头戴面纱或者兜帽,那就表示她是体面的女人,拒绝男性搭讪和邀约。[17] 相反如果她没有蒙头或没有戴上得体的头饰,那也是某种记号或者标识——她可请、可约、可交往(sexually available)。如果有女人自我展现,特别是带领敬拜的领袖被视为性吸引的对象,就她会转移会众的注意力,可是,在敬拜时上帝才应该是注意力的中心。在敬拜时候暗示性的着装是不合时宜的,应该避免。[18]

二、去性别化的表达。根据常识,缺什么就喊什么,反之亦然,喊什么正说明缺什么。既然保罗在这一段多费笔墨强调女人要蒙头(林前11:2–16),那么我们可以推断,在哥林多教会,有一批女人在敬拜的时候没有蒙头。在接受了圣灵之后,欣喜程度可想而知,她们的心思意念随之变化,于是用非女性或非男性的头饰祈祷、作先知讲道。在敬拜的时候,外人可能会在场……他们根本就无法接受这种打破男女之间的社会界限的做法。[19] 这些妇女把男女平等等同于男女一致、男女无别。[20] 她们认为“凡事都可做”(林前6:12, 10:23),可是上帝的创造是男女不同,所以,敬拜的时候应该尊重上帝的创造秩序。[21]第6节实际上重复了第5节的内容,保罗加大了修辞力度,指明女人的选择决定了荣和辱。如果她真的希望消除性别独特性的象征表达,这就像是剃光头一样,是羞辱自己的头。[22]

一个教会在社会中应该有怎样的形象?这可能是保罗关心的重要内容之一。从考古,特别是从钱币上的头像来看,希罗世界的女人既有蒙头的,也有不蒙头的。[23]不过,就公元1世纪的哥林多来说,在公众场合以及社区聚会中,妇女通常是蒙着头的,大多数释经学者都支持这种说法。[24]所以,一个女人不蒙头就违反了当时(地中海世界)的普世的传统。[25]古代地中海世界价值观、是非观很清晰,“荣辱观”融入到社会的每一个角落、每一個層面,不像今天东西方都是非不分,价值体系崩塌。当时人与人之间的交往首先考虑的是社会地位和荣辱。哥林多前书所讨论的“礼拜时蒙头的问题”不是习俗问题,而是荣辱问题。[26]一旦涉及到荣辱观,这就不只是某个女人羞辱自己头(贬低自己,使自己丢脸)的问题了,而是可以上纲上线到羞辱她丈夫(如果有的话),因为她丈夫是她的头,进而羞辱基督,羞辱上帝(林前11:3)。[27] 如此一通牵扯之后,教会的名声受损就可以想见了。突然之间,这个问题就升级了,所以保罗对此加以教导就很合理了。保罗强调,敬拜应该维持良好的秩序和宣教性质。[28]

二、妇女在教会中应该闭口不言?

从上文我们对“礼拜时蒙头的问题”(林前11:2–16)的讨论来看,妇女在聚会时是可以祷告的——敬拜之前的祷告、回应讲道的祷告、结束敬拜的祷告、用方言祷告,抑或是其他什么形式的祷告,只要蒙着头,都是允许的,“作先知讲道”也是允许的,而且上帝的众教会都是这个规矩(林前11:16)。然而,相隔两章,到了第14章,保罗却叫妇女在会中闭口不言:

33b在圣徒的众教会中,34妇女应该闭口不言;因为,不准她们说话,总要顺服,正如律法所说的。35她们若要学甚么,应该在家里问自己的丈夫,因为妇女在会中说话是可耻的。(林前14:33b–35)

这两句话被放在保罗对敬拜秩序的指引中,教导哥林多教会“凡事都要按次序行”(林前14:26–40)。不考虑脚注中各种抄本的异文,单就Nestle-Aland 28版的正文来看,33b–34a应该直译作“正如(Ὡς)在圣徒的教会中一样,妇女们在教会中(ἐν ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις)应该闭口不言”,《和合本修订版》此处的翻译太过简洁。[29]句子后半部分的“因为,不准她们说话”是相当拙劣的汉语表达。“因为不准”(οὐ γὰρ ἐπιτρέπεται)这个表达中的动词ἐπιτρέπεται是第三人称单数的被动形式,直译是“它不被允许”,指“妇女在教会中说话”(这件事、这个行为)不被允许,《英王钦定本》译作“it is not permitted”非常到位。在汉语译本中,只有吕振中对此作了细致的处理:“因为她们当众说话是不被准许的”,其余译本要么译作“不准她们”,要么译作“她们不准”,不但读起来别扭,译文跟原文也有相当的差距。“妇女在会中说话是可耻的”(林前14:35)这个句子里的“会中”(ἐν ἐκκλησίᾳ)与前一节的实际上是同一个词,是指在聚会中。

在前文,妇女可以祷告、可以说预言,而在这里却不可以说话(λαλέω),这明显是自相矛盾的。有学者解释说,保罗一方面主张男女在在基督里的自由,另一方面,他自己又没有完全肃清他从小自犹太教学来的习俗(餘毒),所以才出现前后不一的情况。[30] 古今中外自打嘴巴的人的确很多,不过,从保罗书信来看,使徒保罗不是这样的人,他的思想很坚定;何况这两处矛盾的经文相隔得如此之近。[31]

要知道保罗时代的书信没有标点符号,所以就有学者猜测,“妇女在教会中应该闭口不言”(林前14:33b–35)不是保罗的的观点,而是哥林多教会中一群反对保罗的人的观点。保罗引用这两句话来反驳哥林多人的观点或行为。[32] 这种说法似乎有一定道理,保罗在哥林多前书中的确如此引用过(林前10:23)。然而,值得注意的是,保罗引用他人从来都是提纲挈领,不会如此大段引用。再者,保罗引用他人观点的时候,会紧接着反驳或者评论,此处紧接其后的经文(林前14:36–38)并不是保罗对此观点的反驳。

一些释经学者,特别是20世纪的释经学者认为保罗在此不是禁止妇女宣讲圣道,而是制止妇女在教会中令人厌烦的喋喋不休。还有学者认为,保罗所禁止的是妇女在聚会时的大喊大叫。[33] 喋喋不休和大喊大叫没有什么本质的区别,都会干扰敬拜的正常进程。然而,在保罗书信和新约其他书卷中,λαλέω这个动词没有“喋喋不休、大喊大叫”的意思,而且在第14章中(14:2–6,14:9, 14:11,14:13,14:18–19,14:21,14:23,14:27–29,14:39),它都表示“受灵感讲道”,或者“作先知讲道”。[34]

近期有不少释经学者坚持认为保罗所针对的是禁止妇女在敬拜时候说话以保证敬拜程序顺利进行。[35] 另一种解释,说“礼拜时蒙头的问题”(林前11:2–16)和此处“妇女应该闭口不言”(林前14:33b–35)处理的是不同的场合、不同的处境。他们猜测说,比起“蒙头祷告、作先知讲道”(林前11:5–6)来,“不许妇女讲道”(林前14:34–35)是更为正式的教会场合。[36] 与此类似,有论者认为,保罗在“礼拜时蒙头的问题”那个段落处理的不是教会聚会的情形,而是非教会场景。[37] 这是相当奇特的观点,也不太能站得住脚。“祷告”和“讲道(说预言)”更有可能发生在聚会的场景,不大可能在一个聚会之外的场景中。而且从上下文来看,保罗所针对的,也更像是针对聚会的场景,“倘若有不信的人进来”(林前14:24)这样的措辞便是很好的证明。

其他还有各种各样的说法,比如菲奥伦查说“妇女在教会中应该闭口不言”(14:33–36)仅仅是针对基督徒的妻子们说的,而非所有妇女。[38] 还有论者认为保罗是在另一封写给哥林多教会的信中说的,因此是在不同的背景下说的。[39] 另一种说法,保罗是这么说的,但他是针对一种特殊的、有限的情况而说的。这段经文是保罗说的,是哥林多前书不可或缺的一部分,但被误解为普遍有效的教义。[40] 不过,这些说法,也只是推测而已,很难令人信服。

三、后人插入的经文

3.1两组文本,两种态度

“妇女应该闭口不言”不但与“礼拜时蒙头的问题”(林前11:2–16)相矛盾,而且与保罗一贯的思想似乎也是矛盾的。保罗是主张男女平的。在无可争议的保罗七封书信(7 undisputed letters)中,有一组文本指向妇女充分参与教会的事奉和敬拜:加拉太书3:26–29,我们在前文探讨过的林前11:2–16以及罗马书16:1–16。我们把这三段经文标记为“第一组文本”。

第一组文本的纲领性宣告出现在加拉太书中。保罗说,凡受洗归入基督的都披戴基督了:不再分犹太人或希腊人,不再分为奴的自主的,不再分男的女的,因为你们在基督耶稣里都成为一了。(加3:28)

一些学者认为这可能来自于洗礼仪式,保罗用它来确认受洗者的新身份,“凡受洗归入基督”(加3:27)可能就是一个直白的说明。“不再分犹太人或希腊人”原文是οὐκ ἔνι … οὐδὲ…这是一个固定的搭配,意思是“既没有……也没有……”。“既没有……也没有”在当时是一个革命性的陈述,彻底摧毁任何形式的社会歧视、社会壁垒,并在所有人际关系中引入了一种新的人际原则:人格平等,不分种族、社会地位和性别。[41] 这种思想在当时过于惊世骇俗,应该是来自保罗自己,而不太可能是保罗引用其他人。[42] 在保罗看来,在基督里,所有人都应该在圣灵中团结起来,成为新人类(新造的人,参见加6:15)。这个新人类产生新的价值观,第一,上帝面前的平等,男人和女人被确认为平等的价值。第二,男女应该承认、接受和尊重对方。第三,无论是男人还是女人都应该根据各自的天赋分担责任。[43]

“不再分男的女的”(οὐκ ἔνι ἄρσεν καὶ θῆλυ,加3:28c),直译应该是“既没有男的,也没有女的”。保罗在这里并没有使用“男人”(ἀνήρ)和“女人(γυνή)”,而是精心选择“男性的”(ἄρσην,中性形容词)和“女性的(θῆλυς,中性形容词)”,以中性的形式命名性别,这不仅涉及男女之间的社会角色差异,而且还涉及生物学上的差异。[44] “既没有男的,也没有女的”这句话有几种解释方式,但每一种解释都声称,在基督教会中,受洗归主的人们已经成为新人,男女之间的性别差异已经失去了意义。[45] 保罗的“不再分男女”是第一次出现公开宣传废除性别差异的教义,这在当时的希罗世界中,是绝无仅有的。[46]

在哥林多前书中,女人可以参与敬拜的不但有我们上文提及的林前11:2–16,事实上,“你们要追求爱,也要切慕属灵的恩赐,尤其是作先知讲道”(林前14:1)隐隐约约指向妇女蒙着头作先知讲道(11:5)。除此之外,在罗马书第16章,妇女与男子一起参与了教会使命和生活的各个方面,其中包括百基拉、马利亚、犹尼亚、土非拿和土富撒等(罗16:1–16)。腓比只是妇女中脱颖而出的一个。腓比被认定为与某一特定教会有关的执事和赞助人,这支持了她有一个相当明确的角色的理解(16:1–2)。妇女在保罗同工中的突出地位通过他提到的友阿蝶和循都基(腓4:3)得到了进一步的说明。保罗用“一同劳苦”(συνήθλησάν,腓4:3)来形容她们和她们的工作,这与他描述提摩太、以巴弗提等人所表达的“同工”(συνεργὸν,腓2:25)、“战友”(συστρατιώτην,腓2:25)是同一个意思。[47]

在原始基督教团体中,妇女在事奉的各个岗位和环节中都扮演了重要的角色。这一点在第一组文本中得到相当程度的反映。第一组文本都出现在无可争议的7封书信中。然而,从后保罗书信(Deutero-Pauline letters)来看,[48] 妇女的地位似乎发生了变化,她们已经逐渐失去了以前的公共角色。[49] 为什么会如此,我们在此就有必要讨论第二组文本了。

与第一组文本形成鲜明对照,第二组文本包括包括提摩太前书2:11–15、林前14:33–36以及以弗所书5:21–33。这些文本基本上都限制了妇女参与教会的事奉,而且对妇女提出各种要求,施加各种规范,当然了有的被包装在漂亮的辞藻之中(如弗5:21)。[50]

在提摩太前书中,作者提倡女人要装扮得体,要有善行,要安静学习,不可教导(διδάσκω,2:12),也不可管辖男人,总结而言就是持守信心、爱心,又要圣洁克制。(提前2:9–15)学界对提摩太前书的成书时间有不少争议,但是,有一点是大家所公认的,即它是后保罗书信,极有可能出自保罗弟子们之手,所涉及的教导对像是以弗所教会以及保罗弟子们的圈子。[51]

同样是涉及到以弗所教会,这也就难怪以弗所书有相似的教导:“要存敬畏基督的心彼此顺服。作妻子的,你们要顺服自己的丈夫,如同顺服主。因为丈夫是妻子的头,如同基督是教会的头;他又是这身体的救主。教会怎样顺服基督,妻子也要怎样凡事顺服丈夫。”(弗5:21–24)

这是一段被放在“家庭守则”(弗5:22–6:9)中的教导,即以希罗伦理讨论的家庭如何运作,其中包括一系列的关系:夫妻(5:22–33)、亲子(6:1–4)、主奴(6:5–9)。在每一种情况下,都存在着一种相互的秩序,但这种秩序是以一种不滥用权力和鼓励同理心的方式存在的。当信徒互相尊重时,生命的活动就能前进。[52]

“丈夫是妻子的头,如同基督是教会的头”是保罗学派的神学理由,也是标准保罗学派教导(如林前11:3)。[53] 从无可争议的7封保罗书信和后保罗书信文本比较来看,后保罗时期,关于制度建设和伦理建设的教导有增多的趋势,比如类似的教导还出现在歌罗西书3:18–4:1;提多书2:1–10等。在这些教导中,凡涉及到夫妻关系的,都要求妻子顺服、克己、安静。

3.2经文大挪移

要求妻子顺服、安静,禁止妻子(妇女)讲道的经文大多出现在后保罗书信中,但是为什么“妇女在教会中应该闭口不言”(林前14:34–35)不在后保罗书信中,而是“跑到”无可争议的保罗7封书信中去了呢?

“妇女在教会中应该闭口不言”(林前14:34–35)是原先哥林多前书所没有的,它进入到现在的位置有一个过程。这两节经文起先可能是抄本上边注,后来被抄入到经文中,逐渐成了经文的一部分,成了今天这个样子。[54] 我们从内证和外证两个方面来讨论这个问题。

从内证来看,“妇女在教会中应该闭口不言”与“妇女蒙头可以祷告、说预言”(林前11:5, 13)相矛盾。这一点使我们陷入循环论证,但是可以作为辅助的论据。“妇女应该闭口不言”放在现在的位置打断了保罗在哥林多前书第14章叙事的流畅性和连贯性。哥林多前书14:1–25节形成了一个持续的论点,即除非方言得到解释,否则说预言(作先知讲道)比说方言更有启迪作用(14:1、2–3、4、5、6、22、23–25)。第1–25节的每一小节都有相似的结论:“教会可以被造就”(14:5);“造就教会”(14:12);“造就别人”(14:17);“教导他人”(14:19);“敬拜上帝”(14:25)。26–40节是一个连贯的结构单元,建立在前文(林前14:1–25)的基础上,作者列举了一系列关于方言和预言的指令,以加强教导的作用。所有这些规则背后的统一原则是基督徒敬拜集会需要秩序,而不是混乱。林前14:34–35要求所有妇女在教会中无条件地保持沉默,而没有解释这将如何促进教会的教导。所以这是一个侵入性的评论,打断了保罗的论证结构,没有推进14:26–40或12–14章的论证。[55]

从语法上看,林前14:36接不上34–35节。34–35节中“妇女”、“她们(αὐταῖς)”都是第三人称复数、阴性形式,都是“她们”,可是到了第36节,人称却很突兀地改成“你们”。不但人称不一致,名词和代词的性(gender)也不一致。“难道是单临到你们(ὑμᾶς μόνους)吗”(14:36b)中形容词“单”(μόνους,单单、只有)是形容词阳性形式,而它是修饰“你们”的,所以代词“你们”是阳性复数。这就使得“你们”与前文的“妇女”(阴性名词)无法连接。同样的,下一节“若有人认为自己是先知,是属灵的……”(14:37a)中“先知”(προφήτης,阳性名词,单数)和“属灵的”(πνευματικός,阳性形容词)都是阳性词汇,也不可能指向前文的“妇女”。[56]

文字上不连贯当然是问题,文字上连贯了就没有问题了吗?第35节中“会中”(ἐν ἐκκλησίᾳ)似乎是为了与前文(林前14:19,28)一致,讲述在教会中的教导方式,根据第14章的文脉,应该是指在哥林多教会中。然而,“在众圣徒的教会中”(ἐν πάσαις ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις τῶν ἁγίων,33b)文字上几乎一样,只是用了复数形式,指众教会。表面上文字一致,可是这个“在众圣徒的教会中”与“在会中”(14:35,指哥林多教会中、在聚会中)逻辑上难以关联,所以这个短语成为明显的冗赘。[57] 这个短语放在34节不合适,放在33节也不合适,所以被标记成33b,却又用逗号隔开,强行使之与下一句相连。[58]

除了这些一致性问题之外,还有一处不像保罗的写作风格。根据一些释经学者的分析,“正如律法所说的”与保罗的措辞不一致,保罗不会只说“正如律法所说的”(林前14:34c),而不引用具体的旧约经文。[59]况且,保罗对律法的态度是值得玩味的。一方面他宣称律法是圣的,诫命也是圣的、义的并善的(罗7:12)这在当时可能是一种“政治正确”的表态,另一方面,他又说“基督把我们从律法的诅咒中赎出来”(加3:12);“基督是律法的终结”(罗10:4),所以基督徒不在律法之下(加3:23–25,5:18;罗6:14–15;林前9:20–21);基督徒已经向律法死了(加2:19;罗7:4–6)。他在多处表达了相同的意思,基督取代律法,这应该是保罗成熟的神学思想。[60] 有鉴于保罗对律法微妙的态度,我们觉得,他在行文中求诸律法的权威可能性极小,所以“正如律法所说的”不太像是保罗的措辞。

哥林多前书14:34–35的关键词汇反映了提摩太前书2:12及其周围的经文,但对妇女活动的限制比提摩太前书更多。与哥林多前书14:34的“它不被允许”(ἐπιτρέπεται)相近的新约经文是提摩太前书2:12的“我不许”(ἐπιτρέπω)。参照表1:

林前14:34–35提前2:11–12,15
14妇女在会中要闭口不言,像在圣徒的众教会一样,因为不准他们说话。他们总要顺服,正如律法所说的。15他们若要什么,可以在家里问自己的丈夫,因为妇女在会中说话原是可耻的。11女人要事事顺服地安静学习。12我不许女人教导,也不许她管辖男人,只要安静。15 然而,女人若持守信心、爱心,又圣洁克制,就必借着生产而得救。

表1:林前14:34–35与提前提前2:11–12,15对照

从表1我们可以看出林前14:34–35与提前第二章部分经文措辞有很多是一致的,或者说相似的。与哥林多前书14:34的“它不被允许”(ἐπιτρέπεται)相近的新约经文是提摩太前书2:12的“我不许”(ἐπιτρέπω)。“闭口不言”(σιγάτωσαν,林前14:34)与“安静”(ἐν ἡσυχίᾳ,提前2:11)表达是一个意思。“学”(μαθεῖν,林前14:35)与“学习”(μανθανέτω,提前2:12)是同一个动词的不同变化形式。还有一个关键词“顺服”也是一致的。在林前14:34“顺服”(ὑποτάσσω)是以动词形式出现的,而在提前2:11,“顺服”(ὑποταγή)以名词形式出现,不过,它们是同源词,而且表达的意思也是一样的。这也就难怪很多学者认为哥林多前书14:34–35受提摩太前书2:12–15的影响了。[61]

不仅仅是受影响这么简单,而事实上,林前这两节经文是后人插入的。我们之所以这样说,除了上文提到的内证之外,也有一定的外证支持。

首先,西方文本类型(Western text-type)都把“妇女应该闭口不言”(林前14:34–35)这两节经文放在14:40之后。直到《武加大译本》面世之后,这两节经文才被固定于14:33之后。[62] 所谓“西方文本类型”是指译自希腊文的古拉丁文译本和古叙利亚别西大新约译本以及第2–3世纪部分教父的新约引文。[63] 希坡律陀(Hippolytus of Rome,公元170–235)对哥林多前书的引文算是比较早期的证据。大多数文本批判的学者将西方文本的起源追溯到公元2世纪上半叶。[64] 对此,费依(Gordon D Fee)分析说,这里只有三个选项:

(1)保罗在林前14:33之后写了这些话,后来有人故意將之调换到14:40之后的位置。

(2)是保罗的手笔,它们最初就是在林前14:40之后,後來有人把它们移到了14:33之后的位置。

(3)它们不是原文的一部分,而是非常早期的页边注,后来被抄写员放在文本的两个不同的地方。

如果“妇女应该闭口不言”的经文原先在林前14:33之后,抄写员将之搬离原来的位置,放到14:40之后是不可能的,无法得到合理的解释,反之亦然。[65] 很显然,选项(3)最合理,因为最能解释所有其他文本的出现的文本形式是原始文本。[66]

抄本的另一个证据是梵蒂岡抄本在哥林多前书14:33的最后一行的页边有两个水平对齐的点。这是异文的标记,表示林前14:34–35的省略是明显的候选异文形式。[67]

公元541–544年,卡普亚主教圣维克多(St. Victor, Bishop of Capua)下令重写林前14:34–40的文本,并在富尔登斯抄本(Codex Fuldensis)的底边进行了修正,省略了林前14:34–35节。[68] 圣维克多是一位杰出的学者,具有敏锐的文本批判意识。由于圣维克多的监督和修正,他留下的抄本质量上乘,是《武加大译本》最古老和最有价值参考抄本之一。[69] 当代著名文本批判学者梅茨格(Bruce Manning Metzger)称圣维克多留下的抄本为难得的“善本”。[70]

第88号手抄本(Ms 88)又提供了一个外证。第88号手抄本没有林前14:34–35,林前14:36紧跟在林前14:33之后。潘恩经过详细的比较分析,认为第88号手抄本是从没有林前14:34–35的希腊文手抄本中复制的,而所有其他假设如“衍生自自西方文本类型”,“抄写员无意中将之移位”以及“抄写员有意的移位,后来逆转”等都难以成立。[71]

如果这两节经文是后来插入的,那么它们是什么时候插入的呢?保罗与哥林多教会关系的发展大致上可以总结为“三访四信”。保罗第三次宣教旅程中的一段,离开雅典,来到哥林多(徒18:1),这是他第一次到访哥林。从哥林多后书的字里行间推断来看,第二次应该是一次“痛苦的见面”(林后2:1)。保罗第三次访问哥林多应该是后期的某个时候(林后12:14,林后13:1–3)。在保罗与哥林多教会的互动过程中,他可能写了四封书信给哥林多:第一封信应该在公元52–55年年间的某个时候(林前5:9–11);第二封信就是哥林多前书;之后保罗写了一封“严厉的”信(林后7:8,林后10:1–13:7),是为第三封信;第四封信是哥林多后书1–9章的大部分内容。也就是说,保罗给哥林多教会写了至少四封信。[72] 这四封信被弟子们编纂成两封信,中间的编修、插入是完全可以想象的。[73] 我们有理由推断,林前14:34–35是在哥林多前书、后书成型之后插入的,否则不会出现西方文本类型与非西方文本类型的差异。从无可争议的保罗7封书信与后保罗书信的比较来看,这这两节经文中很多观点、措辞与提摩太前书第2章相似,那么这两节经文应该受到提摩太前书的影响,也就是说,它们在提摩太前书成书之后进入到抄本之中,首先作为页边注而存在,这个时间大约在1–2世纪之交。在后一轮,或者后几轮的抄写中被抄写员当作正文加入到正文中。在西方文本类型中,它们被插在林前14:40之后,非西方文本类型中,在林前14:33之后。[74]

结论

在古代地中海世界,妇女参与到宗教仪式中是有先例的,甚至还有女性担任祭司的职务,但是总体上,那还是一个父权主导的世界,妇女处于从属地位,在宗教仪式中更是如此。在哥林多教会中,妇女参与多项事奉,在聚会时祷告、说预言是突出的宗教实践。这个传统应该是来自保罗的教导,其理论基础就是“凡受洗归入基督的都披戴基督了:不再分犹太人或希腊人,不再分为奴的自主的,不再分男的女的,因为你们在基督耶稣里都成为一了。”(加3:27–28)保罗在这里讲的重点不是男女平等问题,但是不排除有人在信仰实践中引用这句话为男女平等背书。不过保罗是主张男女平等的,这在哥林多前书中有所反映,比如在教导婚姻关系一系列的问题上,他都是主张男女权利、义务对等。(林前7:1–40)而他支持、栽培女性同工,热情推荐女执事非比这些行动也表明了他的态度。

上文讨论的第一组文本(加3:26–29;林前11:2–16;罗马书16:1–16)都指向妇女充分参与教会的事奉和敬拜。至于保罗教导妇女在祷告或说预言(作先知讲道)的时候应该蒙着头,他的主要考量不是对妇女的敬拜加以规范,而是教会在社会上的形象,因为在彼时彼地的社会处境中,女人蒙头与否涉及到太多的文化习俗因素。这一组文本都来自无可争议的保罗七封书信,也就是说,这是使徒保罗思想。与之相反的,第二组文本(提前2:11–15;林前14:34–35;弗5:21–33)对妇女参与教会的事奉提出各种要求、限制,施加各种规范。这一组文本中,有两段经文(提前2:11–15;弗5:21–33)来自后保罗书信,而林前14:34–35,如我们在上文3.2所讨论的,也是来自保罗弟子们的思想。由此我们可以看出在后保罗时期,教会显得相对比较保守,对妇女的限制、要求也逐渐增多。[75] 早期保罗群体的教会(Pauline Churches)在后保罗时期为什么会有这些变化?是因为女性在教会的事奉越来越强势,还是强有力的魅力领袖离去之后教会尽量减少他们与社会的张力而对教会中的女性多加限制和规范?这些都有待将来进一步探讨。无论是哪种原因,有一点是肯定的,早期基督教信仰群体在发展的过程中,教会的实践层面和运作方式层面都有所调整。

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   Praying and Prophesying with Coverings or Remaining Silent: A Probe into the Two Contradictory Periopae in 1 Corinthians

Nathanael Xuesheng WANG (Chung Yuan Christian University)

Abstract: Following a close examination of these two seemingly incongruous pericopae, “veil while praying and prophesying” (1 Cor. 11:5–6) and “women should remain silent” (1 Cor. 14:34–35), it is discovered that the Apostle Paul supported gender equality and encouraged women’s participation in worship as well as other ministries. His message, “veil while praying and prophesying,” is more concerned with how the nascent church is perceived in society than it is with how women conduct themselves within the church. The conflicting pericope “women should remain silent” should be a late interpolation, as shown by both internal and external evidence, and is consistent with some of the teachings and requirements of the Deutero-Pauline epistles.

Keywordscoverings, praying and prophesying, remain silent, contradictory pericopae

[1] Robert C. Tannehill, The Narrative Unity of Luke-Acts: A Literary Interpretation. Vol. 2: The Acts of the Apostles (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1990), 4.

[2] David K. Lowery, “The Head Covering and Lord’s Supper in 1 Cor 11:2–34,” Bibliotheca sacra 143, no. 570 (1986): 115; Dan Lioy, “Ecclesial Hierarchy and Subordination between Regenerate Men and Women in Public Worship: A Renewed Look at 1 Corinthians 11:2–16 and 14:33b–36,” Conspectus (South African Theological Seminary), no. 29 (2020): 115.

[3] David K. Lowery, “The Head Covering and Lord’s Supper in 1 Cor 11:2–34,” 157–158.

[4] David K. Lowery, “The Head Covering and Lord’s Supper in 1 Cor 11:2–34,” 158–159.

[5] 除了相关释经书之外,亦参Joseph A. Fitzmyer, “Kephale in I Corinthians 11:3,” Interpretation: A Journal of Bible & Theology 47, no. 1 (1993): 52–59.

[6] Richard Oster, “When Men Wore Veils to Worship: The Historical Context of 1 Corinthians 11:4,” New Testament Studies 34, no. 4 (1988): 481–505; Preston T. Massey, “Veiling among Men in Roman Corinth: 1 Corinthians 11:4 and the Potential Problem of East Meeting West,” Journal of Biblical Literature 137, no. 2 (2018): 501–517; Daniel Röthlisberger, “Die ‘capitis velatio’ von Männern und ihre Bedeutung für 1 Cor 11,4,” Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum 55 (2012): 47–71; Gordon D. Fee, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, rev. edn. (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2014), 140.

[7] Jerome Murphy-O’Connor, “Sex and Logic in 1 Cor 11:2–16,” Catholic Biblical Quarterly 42 (1980): 486–487,此说在他的书中再现,参Jerome Murphy-O’Connor, Paul: A Critical Life (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 279,亦参Alan Padgett, “Paul on Women in the Church: The Contradictions of Coiffure in 1 Cor 11:2–16,” Journal for the Study of New Testament 20 (1984): 70–71; John David K. Ekem, “Does 1 Cor 11:2–16 Legislate for ‘Head Covering’?,” Neotestamentica 35, no. 1–2 (2001): 172.

[8] 若非特别说明,本文皆采用《和合本修订版》的翻译,下同。

[9] 在汉语译本中,《吕振中译本》译作“传讲神言”,《新汉语译本》译作“宣讲神的信息”,比较贴近原文。《思高本》作“说先知话”采用的是直译的方法。《和合本修订版》第14章都将προφητεύω译成“作先知讲道”(林前14:1–5,14:24,14:31,14:39)可能是比较好的措辞,形神兼备,只可惜前后译词不统一。

[10] Raymond F. Collins, First Corinthians (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1999), 401–402.

[11] Abel Isaksson, Marriage and Ministry in the New Temple: A Study with Special Reference to Mt. 19.13–12 [sic] and 1. Cor. 11.3–16 (Lund: Gleerup, 1965), 165–186.

[12] James B. Hurley, “Did Paul Require Veils or the Silence of Women? A Consideration of I Cor. 11.2–16 and I Cor. 14.33b–36,” The Westminster Theological Journal 35 (1973): 190–220.近几十年来还有学者持此说,如Richard A. Horsley, 1 Corinthians (Nashville: Abingdon, 1998), 154。

[13] Stefan Losch, “Christliche Frauen in Corinth (1 Cor. 11.2–16): ein neuer Lösungsversuch,” Theologische Quartalschrift 127 (1947): 216–261.

[14] Preston T. Massey, “The Meaning Of ... And ... In 1 Corinthians 11.2–16,” New Testament Studies 53, no. 4 (2007): 502–523.

[15] Troy W. Martin, “Paul’s Argument from Nature for the Veil in 1 Corinthians 11:13–15: A Testicle Instead of a Head Covering,” Journal of Biblical Literature 123, no. 1 (Spr 2004): 75–84.

[16] Roland Barthes, Elements of Semiology, 1st American edn. (Hill and Wang, 1968), 13–28.

[17] Aline Rousselle, “Body Politics in Ancient Rome,” in Pauline Schmitt Pantel ed., History of Women in the West, Volume I: From Ancient Goddesses to Christian Saints (Cambridge, MA: Harvard, 1992), 296–336, here 315.

[18] Anthony C. Thiselton, The First Epistle to the Corinthians: A Commentary on the Greek Text (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2000), 829.

[19] Judith M. Gundry-Volf, “Gender and Creation in 1 Corinthians 11:2–16: A Study in Paul’s Theological Method,” in Scott Jack Hafemann et al eds., Evangelium, Schriftauslegung, Kirche: Festschrift für Peter Stuhlmacher zum 65. Geburtstag (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1997), 154.

[20] Anthony C. Thiselton, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, 829.

[21] Raymond F. Collins, First Corinthians, 400–402.

[22] Anthony C. Thiselton, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, 832.

[23] Lisa A. Hughes, “Unveiling the Veil: Cultic, Status, and Ethnic Representations of Early Imperial Freedwomen,” Material Religion 3, no. 2 (2007): 218-241.

[24] P. E. B. Allo, Saint Paul: première épître aux Corinthiens (Paris: Gabalda, 1956), 258–262; Frederik W. Grosheide, Commentary on the First Epistle to the Corinthians (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1984), 253–254; Craig S. Keener, Paul, Women, Wives: Marriage and Women’s Ministry in the Letters of Paul (Peabody: Hendrickson, 1992), 28–29; Richard A. Horsley, 1 Corinthians, 154; Anthony C. Thiselton, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, 801–802; David E. Garland, 1 Corinthians (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 2003), 509–510; Verlyn D. Verbrugge, “1 Corinthians,” in T. Longman and D. E. Garland eds., The Expositor’s Bible Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2008), 11:241–414, here 354; Cynthia L. Westfall, Paul and Gender: Reclaiming the Apostle’s Vision for Men and Women in Christ (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 2016), 85–86.

[25] Hans Conzelmann, 1 Corinthians: A Commentary on the First Epistle to the Corinthians (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1975), 185–186.

[26] Judith M. Gundry-Volf, “Gender and Creation in 1 Corinthians 11:2–16,” 154; Halvor Moxnes, “Honor, Shame, and the Outside World in Paul’s Letter to the Romans,” in The Social World of Formative Christianity and Judaism, ed. Jacob Neusner and Howard Clark Kee (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1988), 208.关于地中海世界的荣辱观参马里纳的人类学研究Bruce J. Malina, The New Testament World: Insights from Cultural Anthropology, 3rd edn. (Louisville, KY: Westminster/John Knox, 2001, 1st edn. 1981), 28–62; Ramsay MacMullen, Roman Social Relations, 50 B.C. To A.D. 284 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974), 62–109.

[27] C. K. Barrett, A Commentary on the First Epistle to the Corinthians (Peabody, MA, Hendrickson, 1968), 250; F. F. Bruce, 1 and 2 Corinthians: Based on the Rev. Standard Version (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1980), 141.

[28] Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza, In Memory of Her: A Feminist Theological Reconstruction of Christian Origins (London: SCM, 1983), 230.

[29] 林前14:33b放在上下文中显得冗赘,参下文第三部分的讨论。

[30] Jack W. MacGorman, The Gifts of the Spirit: An Exposition of 1 Corinthians 12–14 (Nashville: Broadman, 1974), 113; John Koenig, Charismata: God’s Gifts for God’s People (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1978), 174; Paul K. Jewett, Man as Male and Female: A Study in Sexual Relationships from a Theological Point of View (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1990), 115; Karin B. Neutel, “Women’s Silence and Jewish Influence: The Problematic Origins of the Conjectural Emendation on 1 Cor 14.33b–35,” New Testament Studies 65, no. 4 (2019): 477–495.

[31] Herman Ridderbos, Paul: An Outline of His Theology (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1975), 461.

[32] Kirk R. MacGregor, “1 Corinthians 14:33b-38 as a Pauline Quotation-Refutation Device,” Priscilla Papers 32, no. 1 (2018): 23-28.还有很多学者提到这一点,如David W. Odell-Scott, “Let the Women Speak in Church: An Egalitarian Interpretation of 1 Cor 14:33b–36,” Biblical Theology Bulletin 13, no. 3 (1983): 90–93; Odell-Scott, “In Defense of an Egalitarian Interpretation of 1 Cor 14:34–36: A Reply to Murphy-O’connor’s Critique,” Biblical Theology Bulletin 17, no. 3 (1987): 100–103; Odell-Scott, “Editorial Dilemma: The Interpolation of 1 Cor 14:34–35 in the Western Manuscripts of D, G and 88,” Biblical Theology Bulletin 30, no. 2 (Sum 2000): 68–74; Neal M. Flanagan and Edwina Hunter Snyder, “Did Paul Put Down Women in 1 Cor 14:34–36,” Biblical Theology Bulletin 11, no. 1 (1981): 10–12; Michel Gourgues, “Who Is Misogynist: Paul or Certain Corinthians? Note on 1 Corinthians 14:33b–36,” in Gérald Caron et al. eds., Woman Also Journeyed with Him: Feminist Perspectives on the Bible (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 2000), 117–124.

[33] Carl Friedrich Georg Heinrici, Das Erste Sendschreiben Des Apostel Paulus an Die Korinthier (Berlin: Hertz, 1880), 456–461; James Moffatt, The First Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1938), 233; Darton Deluz, A Companion to I Corinthians (London: Longman and Todd, 1963), 215; Catherine Kroeger, “Strange Tongues or Plain Talk,” Daughters of Sarah 12 (1986):10–13.

[34] C. K. Barrett, A Commentary on the First Epistle to the Corinthians, 332; 1157.

[35] Anthony C. Thiselton, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, 828-829.

[36] Gordon D. Fee, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, 703; C. K. Barrett, A Commentary on the First Epistle to the Corinthians, 331–333; F. F. Bruce, 1 and 2 Corinthians, 135.

[37] Harold R. Holmyard, “Does 1 Corinthians 11:2–16 Refer to Women Praying and Prophesying in Church?,” Bibliotheca Sacra 154, no. 616 (1997):461–472.

[38] Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza, In Memory of Her, 230–233.

[39] Robert W. Allison, “Let Women Be Silent in the Churches (1 Cor 14:33b–36): What Did Paul Really Say, and What Did It Mean?,” Journal for the Study of the New Testament 10, no. 32 (1988): 28.

[40] Anthony C. Thiselton, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, 1158-1168.

[41] Jakobus M. Vorster, “The Theological-Ethical Implications of Galatians 3:28 for a Christian Perspective on Equality as a Foundational Value in the Human Rights Discourse,” In die skriflig 53, no. 1 (2019): 1–9.

[42] Bernard C. Lategan, “Reconsidering the Origin and Function of Galatians 3:28,” Neotestamenica 46, no 2 (2012): 274–286.

[43] Monica Cooney, “Men and Women as Equal Partners in Christian Community a Biblical Meditation with Special Reference to Galatians 3:28,” The Ecumenical Review 60, no. 1–2 (2008): 100–103; Michel Gourgues, “‘Ni Juif Ni Grec, Ni Esclave Ni Libre, Ni MÂle Et Femelle’ (Ga 3,28): Sur Une Contribution De La Première Génération Chrétienne à Une Affirmation Des Droits Humains,” Science et Esprit 69, no. 2 (2017): 241–262; Caroline Schleier Cutler, “New Creation and Inheritance: Inclusion and Full Participation in Paul’s Letters to the Galatians and Romans,” Priscilla Papers 30, no. 2 (Spring 2016): 21–29.

[44] Hans Dieter Betz, Galatians: A Commentary on Paul’s Letter to the Churches in Galatia (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1979), 195.

[45] Hans Dieter Betz, Galatians, 195.

[46] Albrecht Oepke, “γυνή,” Theological Dictionary of New Testament, 1:776–789; Robin Scroggs, “Paul and the Eschatological Woman,” Journal of the American Academy of Religion 40, no. 3 (1972): 283–303.

[47] Ben Wiebe, “Two Texts on Women (1 Tim 2:11–15, Gal 3:26–29): A Test of Interpretation,” Horizons in Biblical Theology 16, no. 1 (1994): 54–85.

[48] 学界普遍将帖后、弗、西、来、提前、提后、多六封书信归为后保罗书信,新约导论以及相关单篇书信的释经书对此都有解释,参Bruce J. Malina and John J. Pilch, Social-Science Commentary on the Deutero-Pauline Letters (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress, 2014); Bart D. Ehrman, The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007, 4th edn.), 380–398; David Edward Aune, The Blackwell Companion to the New Testament (Chichester, UK; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), 9.

[49] Susan Smith, “Women’s Human, Ecclesial and Missionary Identity: What Insights Does the Pauline Correspondence Offer the Contemporary Woman?,” Mission Studies 27, no. 2 (2010): 145–159.

[50] Ben Wiebe, “Two Texts on Women (1 Tim 2:11–15, Gal 3:26–29): A Test of Interpretation,” 54–85.

[51] Udo Schnelle, The History and Theology of the New Testament Writings (London: SCM, 1998), 331–334.

[52] Darrell L. Bock, Ephesians: An Introduction and Commentary (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 2019), 170–171.作者列举的相关经文还包括彼前2:18–3:7,因超出本文讨论范围,按下不表。

[53] Steven M. Baugh, Ephesians: Evangelical Exegetical Commentary (Bellingham, WA: Lexham, 2016), 479–480; Peter Thomas O’Brien, The Letter to the Ephesians (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1999), 411–418.

[54] Philip Barton Payne, “Fuldensis, Sigla for Variants in Vaticanus, and 1 Cor 14.34–5,” New Testament Studies 40 (04/1995): 240–262; Payne, “Ms 88 as Evidence for a Text without 1 Cor 14:34–35,” New Testament Studies 44, no. 1 (1998): 152–158; Payne, “Is 1 Corinthians 14:34–35 a Marginal Comment or a Quotation?: A Response to Kirk Macgregor,” Priscilla Papers 33, no. 2 (Spr 2019): 24–30.

[55] Philip B. Payne, Man and Woman, One in Christ, 228–231; 基纳也认为这两节打断了文气的流畅,应该是保罗的离题教导,参Craig Keener, 1–2 Corinthians (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 116.

[56] Robert A. Bryant, “First Corinthians 14:33-36 Revisited: An Ironic Rebuttal,” in 2013 International Meeting (St. Andrews, Scotland 2013).

[57] Wayne A. Meeks, “The Image of the Androgyne: Some Uses of a Symbol in Earliest Christianity,” History of Religions 13, no. 3 (1974): 203–204; Robert W. Allison, “Let women be silent in the churches (1 Cor 14:33b–36): what did Paul really say, and what did it mean?,” 37–38.

[58] 有学者认为,林前14:33b应该连于14:33,参Philip B. Payne, “Is 1 Corinthians 14:34–35 a Marginal Comment or a Quotation?: A Response to Kirk Macgregor,” 24–25。不过连起来之后,句子显得奇怪:“33a因为上帝不是叫人混乱,而是叫人和谐的上帝,33b在圣徒的众教会中。”也就是说,33b无论是放在句首、句中还是句尾,句子都不通顺。

[59] Gordon D. Fee, First Corinthians, 707; Richard A. Horsley, 1 Corinthians, 188–189.

[60] Philip Barton Payne, Man and Woman, One in Christ: An Exegetical and Theological Study of Paul’s Letters (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2009), 256–257.

[61] Richard I. Pervo, “Social and Religious Aspects of the ‘Western’ Text,” pp. 229–241 in Dennis E. Groh and Robert Jewett eds., The Living Text: Essays in Honor of Ernest W. Saunders (New York: University Press of America, 1985), 239; Hans Conzelmann, 1 Corinthians, 246 and n. 55; Andrew C. Perriman, “What Eve Did, What Women Shouldn’t Do: The Meaning of ΑΥΘΕΝΤΕΩ in 1 Timothy 2:12,” Tyndale Bulletin 44 (1993): 129–130.

[62] Philip B. Payne, Man and Woman, One in Christ, 228–231.

[63] Joel Delobel, “Focus on the ‘Western’ Text in Recent Studies,” Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses 73 (1997): 401–410; Justin Taylor, “The Western Text of the New Testament: Its Nature and Interest,” in Jack Pastor and Menahem Mor eds., The Beginnings of Christianity: A Collection of Articles (Jerusalem: Yad Ben-Zvi Press, 2005), 53–63.

[64] Richard I. Pervo, “Social and Religious Aspects of the ‘Western’ Text,” 240.

[65] Philip B. Payne, Man and Woman, One in Christ, 230.

[66] Gordon D. Fee, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, 699.

[67] Philip B. Payne, “Fuldensis, Sigla for Variants in Vaticanus, and 1 Cor 14.34–5,” 237–240, 259; Payne, Man and Woman, One in Christ, 233.

[68] Philip B. Payne, Man and Woman, One in Christ, 246.

[69] Eberhard Nestle, Introduction to the Textual Criticism of the Greek New Testament (Whitefish, MT: Kessinger, 2006), 122.

[70] Bruce Manning Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament, 2nd edn. (Stuttgart: Deutsche Biblegesellschaft, 2006), 77.

[71] Philip B. Payne, “Ms 88 as Evidence for a Text without 1 Cor 14:34–35,” 152–158.潘恩与前人的观点相似,可能在一定程度上受到前人的启发,参Harold S. Murphy, “The Text of Romans and 1 Corinthians in Minuscule 93 and the Text of Pamphilus,” The Harvard Theological Review 52, no. 2 (Apr. 1959): 119–131.

[72] Roy Bowen Ward, “Paul and Corinth: His Visits and Letters,” Restoration Quarterly 3, no. 4 (1959): 158-168; Raymond F. Collins, First Corinthians, 10–14; Joseph A. Fitzmyer, First Corinthians: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008), 38-44; Gordon D. Fee, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, 4-10.

[73] 有论者认为林前13章是后人插入的段落,参William O. Walker, “Is First Corinthians 13 a Non-Pauline Interpolation?,” Catholic Biblical Quarterly 60, no. 3 (07/1998): 484–499.对此持批评意见的释经学者甚多,参Jeremy Corley, “The Pauline Authorship of 1 Corinthians 13,” Catholic Biblical Quarterly 66, no. 2 (04/2004): 256–274.

[74] Philip B. Payne, Man and Woman, One in Christ, 266–267.

[75] Richard A. Horsley, 1 Corinthians, Abingdon New Testament Commentaries (Nashville: Abingdon, 1998), 188–189.

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